Patterns and Evaluation of Rock Mass Integrity and Dissolution Degree in Karst Area Based on Multi-Source Data
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摘要: 岩溶洼地或冲沟汇集区为抽蓄工程建设提供了天然的有利地形条件，减少开挖量及建设成本；但此处强烈的岩溶作用将孕育多种潜在的工程地质问题，不利于工程建设；合理地评估岩溶区岩体完整程度和溶蚀程度是其中的关键问题.为克服评估过程中指标测定条件非简易满足、重复琐碎耗精力和区分精细度不够等问题，以秭归岩溶区某抽水蓄能工程为例，利用多源勘察信息，包括钻孔岩芯、钻孔声波和钻孔电视影像，三者协同互补，揭示了研究区各地层岩体完整与溶蚀程度规律，据此明确各地层岩体地质特点，再根据地层岩体地质特点不同赋予地层标签，以地层标签和岩体声波波速数据为输入，采用加权随机森林方法（weighted random forests，WRF），由此提出了一套适用于岩溶区岩体完整程度和溶蚀程度的多源信息融合评估方法.结果表明：相同位置的各信息相互关联，只因勘察手段和信息来源不同，信息的呈现形式存在差异；研究区各地层岩体的地质特点有很大差别，相应的各勘察手段信息的特征表现不尽相同，这影响我们利用多源勘察信息对岩体完整和溶蚀程度的评估. 通过1 073个样本训练并用118个样本测试，训练集/测试集完整程度评估吻合率达95.67%/94.92%，溶蚀程度评估测试集吻合率达98.02%/97.46%，且与野外针对性复勘校核结果吻合良好.与传统方法相比，本文方法综合利用了多源勘察信息，通过地层标签将各地层岩体地质特点融入岩体完整和溶蚀程度评估，更加高效、自动化与精细准确，绕开了传统方法的固有问题，便于岩溶区抽蓄工程岩体完整和溶蚀程度分级评价应用.Abstract: Karst depressions and gully convergence zones offer favorable topographic conditions for the construction of pumped storage power stations, reducing excavation volumes and construction costs. However, intense karstification in these regions introduces complex engineering geological risks. Accurate evaluation of rock mass integrity and karstification degree is therefore critical for safe and efficient project development.(Purpose/Significance) To resolve challenges in the assessment process, such as difficulty meeting index measurement requirements, tedious repetitive work, and insufficient differentiation precision this study takes a pumped storage project in the Zigui karst area as a case. It uses multi-source exploration data (including drilled rock cores, borehole sound wave, and borehole TV images) for mutual complementarity. This reveals the patterns of rock mass integrity and dissolution degree across different strata in the study area, identifies the geological characteristics of each stratum, and assigns stratum labels accordingly. With stratum labels and rock mass acoustic wave velocity data as inputs, the Weighted Random Forests (WRF) method is applied to propose a multi-source information fusion assessment method for rock mass integrity and dissolution degree in karst areas.(Method) The results show that the various types of information at the same location are interrelated, and the differences in the presentation forms of the information only arise from the different exploration methods and information sources; there are significant differences in the geological characteristics of rock masses in different strata of the study area, and the corresponding characteristic manifestations of information from various exploration methods also vary, which affects the evaluation of rock mass integrity and dissolution degree using multi-source exploration information. The proposed method was trained with 1 073 samples and tested with 118 samples. The consistency rates for integrity assessment in the training set/test set reached 95.67%/94.92%, and the consistency rates for dissolution degree assessment in the training set/test set reached 98.02%/97.46%. Moreover, the results are in good agreement with the field targeted re-exploration and verification results.(Result) Compared with traditional methods, the proposed approach achieves higher accuracy, finer resolution, and improved automation, while effectively accounting for stratigraphic geological features. It provides a practical and efficient tool for evaluating engineering rock mass quality in karst-area pumped storage projects.
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图 1 单发双收钻孔声波测试原理图
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of single transmission and dual reception borehole sonic testing
图 3 吴家坪组、茅口组岩芯解译图
Fig. 3. Core interpretation diagram of Wujiaping Formation and Maokou Formation
图 4 栖霞组、龙潭组岩芯解译图
Fig. 4. Core interpretation diagram of Qixia Formation and Longtan Formation
图 5 龙潭组、孤峰组岩芯解译图
Fig. 5. Core interpretation diagram of Longtan Formation and Gufeng Formation
图 6 方法流程图（以岩体完整程度评估为例）
Fig. 6. Flowchart of the proposed method (for the rock mass integrity assessment)
图 8 典型单元段各方法评估岩体完整程度分歧的分析
Fig. 8. Analysis of differences in rock mass integrity assessment using various methods for typical unit sections
图 9 典型单元段各方法评估岩体溶蚀程度分歧的分析
Fig. 9. Analysis of differences in the evaluation of rock dissolution degree by various methods in typical unit sections
表 1 岩体完整程度分级表
Table 1. Classification table of rock mass integrity
RQD值 岩体完整程度分级 岩体完整程度 < 25% Ⅰ 极破碎 25%~50% Ⅱ 破碎 50%~75% Ⅲ 较破碎 75%~90% Ⅳ 较完整 > 90% Ⅴ 完整 注：据工程岩体分级标准（中华人民共和国国家标准编写组，2015） 
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表 2 岩体溶蚀程度分级表
Table 2. Classification table of rock mass dissolution degree
线溶蚀率k 岩体溶蚀程度分级 岩体溶蚀程度 0%~5% Ⅰ 微溶蚀 5%~20% Ⅱ 低溶蚀 > 20% Ⅲ 高溶蚀 注：据建筑地基基础设计规范（中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部，2012）
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表 3 基于完整性指数的岩体完整程度分级表
Table 3. Classification table of rock mass integrity based on integrity index
完整性系数Kv 岩体完整程度分级 < 0.15 极破碎 0.15~0.35 破碎 0.35~0.55 较破碎 0.55~0.75 较完整 > 0.75 完整 注：据水利水电工程地质勘察规范（中华人民共和国国家标准编写组，2009）
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表 4 基于钻孔电视的岩体完整程度分级表
Table 4. Classification table of rock mass integrity based on borehole televiewing
岩体完整程度 结构面间距（m） 结构面结合程度 极破碎 无序 结合差 破碎 < 0.2 结合一般或结合差 0.2~0.4 结合差 较破碎 0.2~0.4 结合一般 0.4~1.0 结合差 较完整 0.4~1.0 结合好或结合一般 > 1.0 结合差 完整 > 1.0 结合好或结合一般 注：据岩土工程勘察规范（中华人民共和国国家标准编写组，2002）
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表 5 各勘察信息评估岩体完整和溶蚀程度的原理和优缺点对比
Table 5. Comprehensive comparison of principles, advantages and disadvantages of various survey information for evaluating rock integrity and dissolution degree
勘察手段 钻孔岩芯 声波测试 钻孔电视 基本原理 根据原位岩芯的RQD和线溶蚀率k确定岩体完整程度和溶蚀程度 根据完整性系数Kv确定岩体完整程度, 根据波速大小来圈定钻孔的溶蚀深度范围 根据孔壁图像结构面间距和结合程度确定岩体完整程度，根据孔壁溶蚀形态、溶蚀尺寸等确定溶蚀发育情况 优点 直观观察岩芯的完整特点与溶蚀现象 钻孔波速为连续信息，反映岩体的完整程度、溶蚀程度 可视化孔壁原位结构面和溶蚀形态 缺点 受钻掘破碎影响，破碎的岩体条件不利于完整和溶蚀程度评估，且工作重复，人工成本高 Kv需要以新鲜岩芯纵波速度为参考，地层岩体均较风化破碎时，适用性变差；波速无法明确对应到溶蚀程度，有关规范中也未明确不同溶蚀程度的波速界限 受环境/光线影响，图像及其识别的结构面数目及岩体完整程度精度差；无法直接得到孔周岩体内部的溶蚀情况；量化影像数据仍有待实践
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表 6 研究区地层岩体地质特点统计表
Table 6. Statistical summary of stratigraphic geological characteristics in study area
地层年代 岩性 层厚 完整情况 溶蚀情况 示意图 钻孔波速范围（km/s） 吴家坪组 灰-深灰色灰岩 中厚层 较破碎 高溶蚀 
2~4 茅口组 浅灰-灰色灰岩 厚层 较完整 低溶蚀 
> 5 较破碎 高溶蚀 
3~5 栖霞组 深灰色灰岩 厚层 较完整 低溶蚀 
> 5 较破碎 高溶蚀 
3~5 深灰色灰岩（饱水） 较破碎 高溶蚀 
> 4 龙潭组 灰黑色泥岩、黑色煤层 薄层 较破碎 无 
2~3 孤峰组 深灰色泥灰岩 中厚层 较完整 低溶蚀 
> 5 较破碎 
2~5 深灰色泥灰岩（高方解石含量） 较完整 
3~4
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表 7 不同地层岩体完整程度及其波速范围
Table 7. Integrity levels and velocity ranges of different stratigraphic rock masses
地层岩性 地层标签 完整程度 波速（km/s） 吴家坪组灰岩 1 较破碎 2~4 茅口组、栖霞组灰岩 2 较完整 > 5 较破碎 3~5 栖霞组饱水灰岩 3 较破碎 > 4 龙潭组泥岩、煤层 4 较破碎 2~3 孤峰组泥灰岩 5 较完整 > 5 较破碎 2~5 孤峰组富方解石泥灰岩 6 较完整 3~4
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表 8 不同地层岩体溶蚀程度及其波速范围
Table 8. Dissolution levels and velocity ranges of different stratigraphic rock masses
地层岩性 地层标签 溶蚀程度 溶蚀形态 波速
（km/s）吴家坪组灰岩 1 高溶蚀 溶隙、溶孔 2~4 茅口组灰岩 2 高溶蚀 溶孔（泥质填充） 3~5 低溶蚀 溶隙 > 5 栖霞组灰岩 3 高溶蚀 溶蚀孔洞（水体充填） > 4 低溶蚀 溶隙 > 5 龙潭组泥岩、煤层 4 无 无 2~3 孤峰组泥灰岩 5 低溶蚀 溶隙 2~5
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表 9 WRF模型中完整程度标签
Table 9. Integrity Level Labels in the WRF Model
岩体完整性 标签 极破碎 1 破碎 2 较破碎 3 较完整 4 完整 5
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表 10 WRF模型中溶蚀程度标签
Table 10. Erosion Level Labels in the WRF Model
岩体溶蚀程度 标签 微溶蚀 1 低溶蚀 2 高溶蚀 3
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表 11 具备多源勘察信息的钻孔及样本数据集划分
Table 11. Drilling and sample dataset division with multi-source survey information
钻孔编号 深度范围（m） 地层岩性 样本总数 训练集样本数 测试集样本数 ZK02 22.0~24.0 P3w灰岩 10 9 1 24.0~38.4 P2l煤岩 72 64 8 38.4~62.8 P2g泥灰岩 122 109 13 ZK04 25.2~47.0 P2g泥灰岩 109 98 11 ZK05 40.4~52.0 P3w灰岩 58 52 6 ZK06 38.0~51.1 P2g泥灰岩 65 59 6 51.1~54.0 P2m灰岩 15 14 1 ZK07 9.2~90.2 P2m灰岩 405 365 40 ZK08 10.8~47.0 P1q灰岩 181 163 18 ZK09 63.4~69.8 P2m灰岩 32 29 3 ZK10 41.2~60.0 P2m灰岩 94 86 8 ZK11 90.8~96.4 P2g泥灰岩 28 25 3 总计 1 191 1 073 118
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表 12 研究区完整程度评估模型特征值权重
Table 12. Characteristic value weights of the integrity assessment model
特征指标 权重 钻孔波速 0.83 地层岩性 0.17
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表 13 研究区溶蚀程度评估模型特征值权重
Table 13. Characteristic value weights of the dissolution degree evaluation model
特征指标 权重 钻孔波速 0.04 地层岩性 0.96
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表 14 WRF模型训练集吻合率统计表
Table 14. Statistical table of match rates for the training set in the WRF model
预测指标 训练集吻合率 完整程度 95.67% 溶蚀程度 98.02%
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表 15 岩体完整程度的测试集评估效果
Table 15. Test set evaluation effect of rock mass integrity
指标 完整程度评估效果 极破碎 破碎 较破碎 较完整 完整 精确率 1.00 0.96 0.89 0.73 1.00 召回率 0.67 1.00 0.73 0.89 1.00 F1分数 0.80 0.98 0.80 0.80 1.00
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表 16 岩体完整程度评估存在分歧的典型单元段各方法评估结果
Table 16. Results of evaluating the integrity of rock mass using various methods for typical unit sections with divergent evaluations
典型单元段
地层岩性本文方法评估结果 常规方法判定结果 野外针对性复勘校核结果 孤峰组泥灰岩 破碎 极破碎 破碎 孤峰组富方解石泥灰岩 较完整 较破碎 较完整 茅口组灰岩 较完整 较破碎 较完整
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表 17 岩体溶蚀程度的测试集评估效果
Table 17. Test set evaluation effect of rock dissolution degree
指标 溶蚀程度评估效果 微溶蚀 低溶蚀 高溶蚀 精确率 1.00 0.98 0.86 召回率 1.00 0.99 0.75 F1分数 1.00 0.98 0.80
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表 18 岩体溶蚀程度评估存在分歧的典型单元段各方法评估结果
Table 18. Evaluation results of different methods for evaluating the degree of rock dissolution in typical units with different evaluation results
典型单元段地层岩性 本文方法评估结果 常规方法判定结果 野外针对性复勘校核结果 吴家坪组灰岩（评价单元3） 低溶蚀 高溶蚀 低溶蚀 栖霞组灰岩（评价单元1和2） 低溶蚀 高溶蚀 低溶蚀
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表 19 本文方法与传统方法的对比
Table 19. Comparison between this method and traditional methods
评估方法 准确率 计算依据 指标测定条件 分析成本 本文方法 精细准确 需做好场地地层划分和各地层岩体地质特点分析 易满足 高效且自动化程度高、耗时短 传统方法 区分精细度不够，且存在主观成分 规范查表并结合工程经验 非简易满足 重复琐碎耗精力、人工成本高
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