Development Characteristics and Evolution Mechanisms of Large High-Altitude Landslides along Deqin Reach of Upper Lancang River
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摘要:
澜沧江上游德钦段大型高位滑坡发育，类型多样，变形明显，演化过程复杂且易在流域内形成灾害链，威胁城镇及工程建设.然而，该区域滑坡孕灾背景、发育规律及地质力学模式仍缺乏系统研究.利用InSAR、无人机、地面调查、钻探和地球物理探测等多技术手段，查明研究区大型高位滑坡发育分布规律，揭示典型高位滑坡的形成演化机制.结果表明，受高陡地形和地层岩性-构造作用联合控制，佛山-燕门乡段以大型高位滑坡为主，叶枝镇-燕门乡段多为古堆积体滑坡，区内倾倒变形体发育；研究认为地层岩性及其组合特征是滑坡发育的关键因素，滑坡的形成演化受内外动力耦合作用影响，地壳隆升和断裂活动提供了滑坡孕育的内动力地质背景，河流深切与长期卸荷促使岩体倾倒形成高位拉裂缝，降雨和地下水活动加速滑坡内部岩体弱化.总结归纳了研究区高位滑坡变形破坏的3类8种地质力学模式，其中倾倒变形破坏为主要模式.进一步分析表明，滑坡堆积体在地震、强降雨及人类工程扰动下易复活.研究成果揭示了德钦段大型高位滑坡的成因机制与演化过程，可为流域滑坡灾害链防控及重大工程选址提供科学依据.
Abstract:Large high-altitude landslides are widespread along the Deqin reach of the upper Lancang River, exhibiting diverse types, pronounced deformation, and complex evolutionary pathways that readily cascade into basin-scale hazard chains threatening towns and infrastructure. However, the predisposing settings, developmental patterns, and geomechanical models for this reach remain insufficiently constrained. Here it implements InSAR, UAV, field investigation, borehole drilling, and geophysical surveying to delineate the spatial distribution and structural architecture of large high-altitude landslides and to resolve the formation and evolution mechanisms of representative cases. Results show that, under the combined control of extreme relief and lithology-structure coupling, the Foshan township-Yanmen township reach is dominated by large high-altitude landslides, whereas the Yezhi township-Yanmen township reach is characterized by paleo-landslide deposits; toppling deformation zones are pervasive across the study area. It identifies lithology and its assemblage as key factors governing landslide development, and demonstrates that endogenic-exogenic coupling drives formation and evolution: crustal uplift and active faulting provide the tectonic background; deep fluvial incision and long-term unloading promote rock mass toppling and the formation of high-altitude tensile headscarps; rainfall and groundwater processes elevate pore pressure and accelerate internal weakening. On this basis, it synthesizes three classes and eight types of geomechanical failure modes, with toppling dominated failure as the principal mode. Further analyses indicate that landslide deposits are prone to reactivation under earthquakes, intense rainfall, and engineering disturbances. The findings clarify the causative mechanisms and evolutionary pathways of large high-altitude landslides in the Deqin reach and provide a scientific basis for hazard chain mitigation and siting of major engineering works.
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图 3 研究区滑坡发育分布
a.滑坡分布图；b.基于spot高清影像解译图
Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of landslides in the study area
图 4 研究区典型滑坡InSAR变形与光学遥感影像
光学遥感影像来源于Google Earth，时间为2017年11月~2023年12月.a~c，h~j为研究区典型滑坡；d~g为典型滑坡InSAR形变速率图；k~m为研究区倾倒变形体
Fig. 4. InSAR deformation and optical remote sensing imagery of typical landslides in the study area
图 5 研究区高位滑坡发育分布规律统计
a.研究区坡度统计；b.研究区坡向统计；c.滑坡剪出口高程统计
Fig. 5. Statistical analysis of spatial distribution patterns of high-elevation landslides in the study area
图 6 云南德钦县佛山乡梅里石滑无人机群影像平面图和滑坡剖面图
a.滑坡平面图；b.梅里石3号滑坡A-A'剖面图；c.梅里石4号滑坡B-B'剖面图；d.梅里石3号滑坡钻孔岩心；e.梅里石4号滑坡钻孔岩心
Fig. 6. Plan view of UAV photogrammetric imagery and landslide cross-section of the Meilishi landslide in Foshan township, Deqin County, Yunnan Province, China
图 7 云南德钦县佛山乡梅里石滑坡群变形破坏特征
a.滑坡群InSAR形变速率；b.滑坡中部拉裂缝；c.滑坡侧边界拉裂缝；d.滑坡局部垮塌变形
Fig. 7. Deformation and failure characteristics of the Meilishi landslide group in Foshan Township, Deqin County, Yunnan Province, China
图 8 争岗滑坡平面图和剖面图
a. 滑坡平面图；b，c. 滑坡剖面图
Fig. 8. Plan view and cross-sectional profile of the Zhenggang landslide
图 9 争岗滑坡变形破坏及InSAR变形特征
a. 滑坡InSAR形变速率；b. 滑坡右边界出露基岩；c. 平硐硐底拉剪破坏
Fig. 9. Deformation, failure, and InSAR-derived deformation characteristics of the Zhenggang landslide
图 10 根达坎滑坡变形特征
a. 滑坡平面图；b. 根达坎滑坡前缘左侧裂缝；c. 滑坡前缘湖相沉积层
Fig. 10. Deformation characteristics of the Gendakan landslide
图 11 根达坎滑坡InSAR变形特征
a. 滑坡InSAR形变速率；b. 滑坡右剖面图
Fig. 11. InSAR deformation characteristics of the Gendakan landslide
图 12 浅层倾倒变形地质力学模式
a.滑坡初始阶段；b. 裂隙产生阶段；c. 裂隙扩展阶段；d. 岩体倾倒形成滑坡
Fig. 12. Geomechanical mechanism of shallow toppling deformation
图 13 深层倾倒变形地质力学模式
a.滑坡初始阶段；b. 岩体弯曲产生裂隙阶段；c. 深层强烈倾倒阶段；d. 倾倒形成滑坡
Fig. 13. Geomechanical mechanism of deep-seated toppling deformation
图 14 软硬岩层复合深层倾倒变形地质力学模式
a.滑坡初始阶段；b. 岩体弯曲产生裂隙阶段；c. 深层强烈倾倒阶段；d. 多级倾倒形成滑坡
Fig. 14. Geomechanical model of deep-seated toppling deformation in interbedded soft-hard rock strata
图 15 软硬软岩滑坡变形地质力学模式
a. 滑坡初始阶段；b. 岩体弯曲产生裂隙阶段；c.强烈倾倒硬岩锁固段逐渐贯通阶段；d. 硬岩锁固段贯通倾倒形成滑坡
Fig. 15. Geomechanical model of landslide deformation in soft-hard-soft rock strata
图 16 岩体蠕滑-拉裂变形地质力学模式
a. 滑坡初始阶段；b. 裂隙形成阶段；c. 裂隙扩展阶段；d. 裂隙贯通倾倒形成滑坡
Fig. 16. Geomechanical model of rock mass creep-sliding and tensile cracking deformation
图 17 土体蠕滑-拉裂变形地质力学模式
a. 滑坡初始阶段；b. 堆积体阶段；c.蠕滑-拉裂贯通阶段；d. 形成多级滑带滑坡
Fig. 17. Mechanical model of soil mass creep-sliding and tensile cracking deformation
图 18 顺向坡滑移-剪断变形地质力学模式
a. 滑坡初始阶段；b. 岩体弯曲产生裂隙阶段；c. 逐渐剪断贯通阶段；d. 倾倒形成滑坡
Fig. 18. Geomechanical model of dip-slope sliding-shearing deformation
图 19 顺向坡倾倒变形破坏机制的地质力学模式
a. 滑坡初始阶段；b. 岩体弯曲产生裂隙阶段；c.裂隙逐渐贯通阶段；d. 倾倒形成滑坡
Fig. 19. Geomechanical model of the deformation and failure mechanism of dip-slope toppling
图 20 滑坡变形演化过程
a.晚中新世以前地貌示意图；，b.现代地貌示意图；c.目前地形地貌图；d.斜坡裂缝产生阶段；e.坡体倾倒变形高位剪出失稳；f.坡体局部复活
Fig. 20. Deformation evolution process of the landslide
表 1 区域SAR影像数据基本参数
Table 1. Key parameters of regional SAR data
SAR卫星参数 轨道方向 轨道号 幅号 所处波段 雷达波长(cm) 入射角
（°）影像间隔时间（d） 影像获取时间段 影像数量（景） Sentinel-1 升轨 99 1 280 C波段 5.6 33.85 12 2016-01-11~2022-02-20 146 Sentinel-1 降轨 33 497 C波段 5.6 40.69 12 2016-01-11~2022-02-15 147 
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表 2 研究区大型高位滑坡发育特征统计
Table 2. Statistical analysis of development characteristics of large-scale high-altitude landslides in the study area
编号 名称 规模等级 前缘高程(m) 后缘高程(m) 滑坡剪出口高程(m) 地层岩性 基本模式 形变特征是否明显 坡体结构 HP01 南任滑坡 大型 3 080 3 265 3 083 P1j深灰色砂岩、粉砂岩、页岩、灰岩 倾倒变形 否 反倾 HP02 归巴顶滑坡 巨型 2 693 3 359 3 224 P1j灰岩、页岩 倾倒变形 是 反倾 HP03 争岗滑坡 巨型 2 091 2 927 2 436 P1j板岩、变质砂岩、玄武岩 倾倒-拉裂和蠕滑-拉裂复合 是 反倾 HP04 梅里石3号滑坡 巨型 2 104 3 460 2 685 P1j变质砂岩、板岩泥岩、变质玄武岩 倾倒变形 是 反倾 HP05 梅里石4号滑坡 巨型 2 142 3 261 2 730 P1j变质砂岩、板岩泥岩、变质玄武岩 锁固段倾倒变形 是 反倾 HP06 根达坎滑坡坝 巨型 2 075 3 310 2 555 P1j变质砂岩、板岩、变质玄武岩 倾倒-拉裂和蠕滑-拉裂复合 否 反倾 HP07 亚贡倾倒变形体 巨型 2 306 3 158 2 606 P1j、T3hn板岩、变质砂岩、玄武岩 锁固段倾倒变形 是 反倾 HP08 纳古滑坡 巨型 2 167 3 018 2 566 J2h、P1j板岩、砂岩 倾倒变形 是 反倾 HP09 洒龙滑坡 巨型 2 540 3 329 2 831 P1j板岩、砂岩、 倾倒变形 是 反倾 HP10 曲弄滑坡 巨型 2 177 3 210 2 586 P1j板岩、砂岩 滑移拉裂剪断 是 反倾 HP11 达哇滑坡 巨型 2 368 3 090 2 674 P1j板岩、砂岩 滑移拉裂剪断 否 反倾 HP12 甲卡滑坡 巨型 2 222 2 950 2 624 T/3a石英砂岩夹炭质页岩 滑移拉裂剪断 是 反倾 HP13 木许乡滑坡 巨型 2 234 3 004 2 355 T/3x砂岩、板岩 蠕滑弯曲剪断 否 反倾 HP14 学丁滑坡坝 巨型 2 076 2 760 2 606 P1j变质砂岩、板岩；变质玄武岩 蠕滑弯曲剪断 否 反倾 HP15 义那石倾倒变形体 巨型 2 138 3 115 2 707 P1j板岩、砂岩 倾倒变形 否 反倾 HP16 江波村滑坡 大型 2 579 3 181 2 705 P1j砂岩、页岩 滑移拉裂剪断 是 反倾 HP17 西当村（尖旺通）滑坡 巨型 2 010 2 910 2 569 P1j灰岩、页岩 倾倒变形 是 反倾 HP18 阿东滑坡 巨型 2 698 3 729 2 698 J2h板岩、砂板岩、安山岩、凝灰岩 滑移拉裂剪断 是 反倾 HP19 义那石滑坡 大型 2 113 3 086 2 513 P1j、T3hn板岩、变质砂岩、玄武岩 倾倒变形 否 反倾 HP20 学丁上游滑坡 大型 2 070 2 795 2 473 P1j板岩、砂岩 倾倒变形 否 反倾 HP21 永支滑坡 巨型 1 970 3 063 2 472 P1j板岩、砂岩 顺向坡滑移-剪断 否 顺层 HP22 拉金神谷滑坡 巨型 1 885 2 289 1 920 J2h、P1j板岩、砂板岩 顺向坡滑移-剪断 是 顺层
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