Interactive Mode between Surface Water and Groundwater in Complex Karst Mining Areas under Influence of Mining Activities
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摘要:
为研究采矿活动影响下的复杂岩溶矿区地表水-地下水相互作用模式.借助水化学及同位素技术、示踪实验、数值模拟等方法，发现天然条件下，地下水以大气降水补给为主，沿分水岭向牛栏江排泄.开采干扰下（1950—2010年），浅层开采对区域地下水流动系统影响有限，仅引起局部水位下降，改变局部径流方向.干扰强化条件下（2010年后）第一时期（2010—2025年）呈现“浅部弱自然循环-深部强人工排泄”的特征，浅部含水层与牛栏江弱连通，深部地下水向巷道排泄；第二时期（2025年后）以持续扩展的降落漏斗为特征，预测往后第5、10、20年的水位下降约64 m、103 m、120 m.综上所述，矿区岩溶地表水-地下水交互受控于矿区岩溶水文地质结构与采矿活动.研究成果可为会泽铅锌矿区制定科学有效的防排水方案提供理论依据.
Abstract:The Huize lead-zinc mine is located in the karst plateau of northeastern Yunnan. Long term mining has formed a complex underground mining tunnel system below the local minimum erosion benchmark level of the Niulanjiang River. The interaction between karst surface water and groundwater in the mining area is extremely complex under the influence of mining activities. In this article it uses hydrochemical and isotopic techniques, tracer experiments, numerical simulations, and other methods to deeply explore the interaction process between surface water and groundwater in mining areas. The following conclusions are drawn. Under natural conditions, groundwater is mainly supplied by atmospheric precipitation and discharged along the watershed to the Niulanjiang River. Under the disturbance of mining (1950—2010), shallow mining had limited impact on the regional groundwater flow system, only causing a local water level drop and changing the direction of local runoff. Under the conditions of intensified interference (after 2010), the first period (2010—2025) presents the characteristics of "weak natural circulation in the shallow part and strong artificial discharge in the deep part". The shallow aquifer is weakly connected to the Niulanjiang River, and the deep groundwater is discharged into the tunnel. The second period (after 2025) is characterized by a continuously expanding descending funnel, and it is predicted that the water level will decrease by about 64 m, 103 m, and 120 m in the 5th, 10th, and 20th years. In summary, the interaction between karst surface water and groundwater in mining areas is controlled by the hydrogeological structure of karst and mining activities. The research results provide theoretical basis for the development of scientific and effective waterproofing and drainage plans in the Huize lead-zinc mining area.
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图 3 研究区地下水系统三维结构模型
Fig. 3. Three dimensional structural model of groundwater system in the study area
图 4 地下水三维数值模型校验
a.模型含水层观测点分布；b.观测孔拟合对比
Fig. 4. Verification of groundwater three-dimensional numerical model
图 5 天然地表水-地下水交互作用模式
Fig. 5. The interaction mode between surface water and groundwater under natural conditions
图 6 人工干扰下地表水-地下水交互作用模式
Fig. 6. The interaction mode between surface water and groundwater under artificial interference conditions
图 7 矿区水化学piper三线图
a.枯水期; b.丰水期；数值单位为%
Fig. 7. Piper diagrams of water chemistry in the study area
图 8 研究区地表水、地下水中δD与δ18O关系
Fig. 8. The relationship between δD and δ18O of surface water and groundwater in the study area
图 9 示踪试验点位(a)及监测结果(b)
a. 示踪试验监测点位置示意；b. 示踪试验监测点电导率变化曲线
Fig. 9. Tracer test points(a) and monitoring results (b)
图 10 干扰强化条件下第一时期地表水-地下水交互作用模式
Fig. 10. The interaction mode between surface water and groundwater under enhanced interference conditions in the first period
图 11 干扰强化条件下第二时期地表水-地下水交互作用模式
Fig. 11. The interaction mode between surface water and groundwater under enhanced interference conditions in the second period
图 12 干扰强化条件下第一时期矿区地下水渗流场
a.模型表层地下水流向；b.模型第三层渗流场
Fig. 12. Groundwater seepage field of the mining area during the first period under enhanced interference conditions
图 13 干扰强化条件下第二时期矿区地下水渗流场
a.深部开采5年后; b.深部开采10年后; c.深部开采20年后
Fig. 13. Groundwater seepage field of the mining area during the second period under enhanced interference conditions
表 1 地下水三维数值模型参数
Table 1. Parameters of groundwater three-dimensional numerical model
分区 Kxy(m/d) Kz(m/d) Ss(1/m) Sy P1q+m 0.6 0.35 0.06 0.000 6 Z2dn+Z2d 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.000 02 C2w+C1b+C1d +D3zg 0.65 0.325 0.065 0.000 65 P1l+C3m 0.005 0.002 5 0.000 5 0.000 005 D2h + ∈1q 0.005 0.003 0.000 5 0.000 005 P2β 0.4 0.2 0.04 0.000 4 
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