Experimental Methodology for Modeling Disaster Chain of Near-Dam Landslide-Generated Waves and Resultant Dam Breach
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摘要:
近坝库岸滑坡引发的涌浪灾害链具有突发性、链生性、强破坏性等特点，对水工建筑物及下游安全构成严重威胁.通过开展滑坡涌浪溃坝一体化物理模型试验，系统记录涌浪演进、坝体冲蚀及溃决过程的关键数据，揭示了土石坝在涌浪作用下的溃决机制.基于水槽试验数据，建立基于有限体积法的三维精细化数值模型，耦合滑体运动、水流动力与坝料冲蚀模块，验证了数值方法的可靠性.开展多因素数值分析，揭示了滑坡体积、滑落高度、坝体几何形态及滑坡位置等因素对溃坝过程的影响.研究结果表明，在溃坝场景下，涌浪冲击显著加速坝体侵蚀，导致洪峰流量增大、溃决时间提前，呈现出明显的灾害放大效应.研究为近坝库区地质灾害链的风险识别与评估提供了理论依据与模拟方法支撑.
Abstract:The disaster chain initiated by near-dam reservoir landslides, characterized by its abrupt onset, cascading nature, and severe destructive potential, poses a significant threat to hydraulic structures and downstream safety. This study presents integrated physical model tests simulating landslide-generated impulse waves and subsequent dam breaching. Key data on wave evolution, dam erosion, and the breach process were systematically recorded, revealing the failure mechanisms of earth-rock dams subjected to wave impact. Leveraging the experimental data, a refined three-dimensional numerical model was developed using the Finite Volume Method. This model couples modules for landslide motion, hydrodynamics, and dam material erosion. The reliability of the numerical model was validated against the experimental results. A parametric study was then conducted to investigate the influence of key factors, including landslide volume, fall height, dam geometry, and landslide location, on the breaching process. The results demonstrate that wave impact significantly accelerates dam erosion, leading to an increased peak discharge and an advanced breach timeline, highlighting a clear disaster amplification effect. This study provides both a theoretical foundation and an advanced simulation methodology for the risk identification and assessment of cascading geological hazards in near-dam reservoir areas.
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图 1 滑坡涌浪溃坝试验装置
Fig. 1. Experimental setup of dam breaching under landslide-generated wave
图 6 滑坡涌浪溃坝灾害链数值模拟过程
Fig. 6. Variation diagram of surge propagation vector in the reservoir area
图 7 物理试验与数值模拟溃决流量及坝前水位数据对比
Fig. 7. Comparison of breach flow and upstream water level between physical experiment and numerical simulation
图 8 各影响因素下数值试验结果
Fig. 8. Discharge process of earth-rock dam breach under various influencing factors
图 10 滑坡涌浪作用下与常规漫顶溃坝流量过程对比
Fig. 10. Comparison of breach flow process between landslide-generated wave and conventional overtopping failure
表 1 物理模型试验缩尺设计参数
Table 1. Design parameters for the scaled model test
物理模型 滑体 坝体 体积(m3) 滑体厚度(m) 距坝址距离(m) 坝高(m) 顶宽(m) 上游坡角tanβ1 下游坡角tanβ2 原型 33 000 000 70.0~780.0 3 000.0 295.0 20.00 0.667 0.500 模型试验 0.003 0.8 1.2 0.4 0.03 0.667 0.667 
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表 2 物理模型试验与数值模拟中材料特性
Table 2. Material properties in the physical experiment and numerical simulations
试验 滑体 坝体 密度(kg/m3) 表面摩擦系数 比重(kg/m3) 体积分数(%) 颗粒粒组(mm) 物理试验 2 200 - 2 650 64 0~0.5, 0.5~1, 1~2, 2~4, 4~10 数值模拟 0.007 试验 坝体 各粒组比例(%) 推移质系数 夹带系数 临界希尔兹数 内摩擦角(°) 物理试验 15, 15, 15, 20, 35 - - 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055 30, 32, 35, 38, 42 数值模拟 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 0.02
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表 3 数值试验工况设置
Table 3. Settings of numerical test conditions
试验 Hs (m) Vs(m3) Wd (m) Ds (m) tan(β) 1 1.4 0.004 0.05 1.5 0.667 2 0.008 3 0.012 4 0.016 5 0.6 0.004 0.05 1.5 0.667 6 1 7 1.4 8 1.8 9 1.4 0.004 0 1.5 0.667 10 0.05 11 0.10 12 0.15 13 0.20 14 1.4 0.004 0.05 1.5 1 15 0.667 16 0.500 17 0.400 18 0.330 19 1.4 0.004 0.05 1.2 0.667 20 1.5 21 1.8 22 2.1
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