Progress and Prospect of Marine Methane Leakage, Migration and Diffusion Mechanism and Ecological Environment Impact
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摘要: 甲烷作为强效温室气体，其单分子温室效应在百年尺度上是二氧化碳的30倍，而海洋甲烷储量占全球总储量的95%，甲烷源汇过程直接影响全球气候变化.本文通过文献调研和数据分析方法，系统梳理了全球海洋甲烷渗漏的空间分布格局与运移扩散机理，并结合南海、墨西哥湾等典型案例区实测数据定量评估环境效应.结果显示全球甲烷渗漏呈显著空间差异，环太平洋海域渗漏最为活跃，北极与大西洋沿岸次之，环南极洲海域最低.这种分布格局主要由板块构造活动、水合物稳定带条件以及沉积有机质供给共同控制.北极等高纬度地区的实际渗漏活跃度可能被低估，这些地方是海洋甲烷进入大气的主要来源.从全球来看约70%~90%的海底渗漏甲烷被微生物氧化消耗，但仍有1.5%~4.0%直接进入大气，年贡献量6~12 Tg.海底甲烷渗漏通过水体运移扩散、生态重构和温室气体排放对全球环境产生显著影响.应加强动态监测及甲烷负排放技术研发，服务“双碳”目标与全球气候治理.Abstract: Over a 100-year period, methane has a global warming potential 30 times that of carbon dioxide on a per-molecule basis. As a potent greenhouse gas, methane stored in the ocean accounts for 95% of the global total reserves, and the processes of methane sources and sinks directly influence global climate change. In this paper, the spatial distribution pattern and transport and diffusion mechanism of global marine methane leakage are systematically investigated through literature research and data analysis, and the environmental effects are quantitatively assessed by combining the measured data of typical case areas such as the South China Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The global methane seepage shows significant spatial differences, with the most active seepage in the Pacific Rim, followed by the Arctic and Atlantic coasts, and the lowest in the Antarctic Rim. This distribution pattern is primarily controlled by tectonic activity, conditions within the hydrate stability zone, and the supply of sedimentary organic matter. The actual seepage activity in high-latitude regions such as the Arctic may be underestimated, representing a major source of oceanic methane in the atmosphere. Approximately 70%-90% of seafloor methane seepage is oxidized and consumed by microorganisms, but 1.5%-4% enters the atmosphere directly, contributing 6-12 Tg per year. Seafloor methane seepage has significant impacts on the global environment through ocean acidification, ecological restructuring, and greenhouse gas emissions. Dynamic monitoring and research and development of methane negative emission technologies should be strengthened to serve the dual carbon goals and global climate governance.
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图 1 全球甲烷储量和通量
数字代表2000—2009年估计的第四季度（Tg CH4）年度通量和第四季度（Tg CH4）CH4储量.黑色箭头表示“自然”通量，即自1750年以来不是由人类活动直接引起的通量，红色箭头表示人为因素造成的通量，浅棕色箭头表示自然和人为因素共同造成的通量，引自Ciais et al.（2014）；Reay et al.（2018）
Fig. 1. Global methane reserves and fluxes
图 2 全球海域甲烷渗漏空间分布图(引自Ni et al., 2025)
Fig. 2. Spatial distribution map of methane leaks in global oceans (Ni et al., 2025)
图 3 全球海洋甲烷渗漏分区对比
左侧位各区域沉积层和水体中甲烷浓度分布；中间为基于SMT深度估算的甲烷渗漏通量随水深变化（横坐标为水深（m），纵坐标为CH4通量/mol·m-2·a-1）；右侧为全球甲烷渗漏空间分布.引自Ni et al.（2025）
Fig. 3. Comparison of global methane seepage zones
图 4 甲烷成因类型与古气候事件示意
a.末次冰消期高纬度地区（如北极）的甲烷渗漏过程，蓝色箭头表示时间序列；b.生物成因甲烷的形成途径；c.热成因甲烷的形成过程；据Sluijs et al.（2007）；Dickens（2003）修改绘制
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of methane sources and paleoclimatic events
图 5 沉积层至海水大气甲烷渗漏碳通量示意
AOM-SMT表示在硫酸盐-甲烷过渡区的甲烷厌氧氧化.棕色箭头表示扩散驱动系统中通量，蓝色箭头表示对流（冷泉）系统中通量；据Boetius et al.（2013）修改
Fig. 5. Schematic of carbon flux from sedimentary layers to seawater and atmospheric methane seepage
图 6 海洋沉积物中甲烷迁移的主要机制示意
据Madison et al.（2013）；牛明杨等（2018）修改
Fig. 6. Schematic representation of the primary mechanisms of methane migration in marine sediments
图 7 水柱自由气体分布及通量
a. 水柱中CH4、N2、O2、CO2、Ar等5种气体（彩色坐标轴）及总自由气体（黑色，下方x轴）的垂直剖面含量；b. 不同深度下，所有渗漏点及气体综合的气泡大小分布；c. 45个渗漏点处海面自由大气气体通量分布（对数色标）；引自Dølven et al.（2025）
Fig. 7. Distribution and flux of free gases in the water column
图 8 海水甲烷溶解度曲线和平衡相图
.a，b图显示的是黑海2 000 m和700 m水深的甲烷预算，色标表示甲烷输入事件时间，灰色区域表示黑海水体中甲烷的最终稳定浓度，据Schmale et al.（2011）修改.c图红色实线表示海水中甲烷水合物的平衡线；蓝色实线为试采区海水温度曲线；红色虚线表示生产试验后海水溶解甲烷含量的实测值
Fig. 8. Methane solubility curves and equilibrium phase diagrams in seawater
图 9 海底甲烷运移扩散影响因素图(据Ruppel, 2011修改)
Fig. 9. Map of factors affecting the transport and diffusion of seabed methane (modified from Ruppel, 2011)
图 10 海底-水体-大气“三层两界面”的甲烷调查监测技术装备体系
Fig. 10. The methane survey and monitoring system for the "three layers and two interfaces" of seabed, water column, and atmosphere
图 11 实验室模拟及甲烷渗漏数值模拟
a图为海底烃类气体渗漏实验模拟装置（李双林等，2020）；b图为北冰洋水柱中溶解的CH4浓度曲线模拟（Jansson et al.，2019）；c图为具有空间异质性的水合物储层的渗透率分布（Bei et al.，2019）
Fig. 11. Laboratory simulations and numerical modeling of methane leaks
表 1 IPCC对海洋水合物分解后向大气释放通量的历次估算
Table 1. Historical estimates by the IPCC of fluxes released into the atmosphere following the decomposition of marine hydrates
IPCC评估年份(a) 海洋地质甲烷排放对大气的贡献量(Tg∙a-1 CH4) 主要参考文献 第一次IPCC报告(1990) 5 甲烷水合物与全球气候(Kvenvolden, 1988) 第二次IPCC报告(1995) 未提及 水合物来源未纳入总清单 第三次IPCC报告(2001) 5 全球甲烷循环三维模型综述(Fung et al., 1991) 第四次IPCC报告(2007) 5 政府间气候变化，2007年气候变化综合报告(Bernstein et al., 2008) 第五次IPCC报告(2013) 6 利用大型、动态和微生物介导的天然气水合物电容器反思全球碳循环(Dickens, 2003) 第六次IPCC报告(2021) 54(33~75) AR6增强了对海洋中红树林和深海大洋最小含氧带(OMZ)的CH4排放量估算.当OMZ上升并接近透光带时，近海区低氧或严重缺氧期延长，都会增强海气CH4通量(袁佳双等, 2024) 
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