Structural Characteristics and Tectonic Evolution of Mesozoic-Cenozoic Faults in Central Northern Margin of Qaidam Basin
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摘要: 柴达木盆地北缘（柴北缘）记录了青藏高原东北缘中‒新生代构造演化的关键信息，但其中生代盆地性质及古近纪构造背景仍存在争议.针对柴北缘中生代盆地性质（拉张/挤压）及古近纪构造背景的争议，在柴北缘中段，开展二维与三维地震资料的精细解释，获得以下结果：（1）基于野外地质调查、地震解释和前人热年代学数据的研究，将本区划分出3个主要构造层，分别为中生代构造层（包括侏罗系（J）+白垩系（K）），古近纪构造层（包括路乐河组（E1+2）-下干柴沟组上段（E32））和新近纪至第四纪构造层（包括上干柴沟组（N1）-第四系（Q））；（2）不同的构造层中断裂的主要构造组合样式不同，中生代构造层中主要发育平面式或铲式小型正断层组合样式，古近纪构造层中发育北西向的逆冲叠瓦构造，新近纪至第四纪构造层中发育一系列北西向的逆冲断层形成的逆冲叠瓦构造和近东西向的呈Y字型组合样式的逆冲走滑断裂；（3）根据各时期构造层下的断裂特征，可以将柴北缘中生代以来构造演化主要分为3个阶段，即中生代断陷阶段（晚三叠世‒白垩纪）、古近纪弱挤压阶段（27~18 Ma）和新近纪‒第四纪强烈压剪阶段（5.1~2.8 Ma）.厘清了柴北缘中段不同构造层内断裂组合样式及其时序演化特征，为约束柴达木盆地北缘中生代盆地性质及古近纪构造背景争议提供了新的地震学证据.构造层分段及阶段性挤压‒压剪增强特征的识别，有助于深化对柴北缘中段盆‒山构造关系及其演化过程的认识，并可为该区构造解析与相关油气勘探提供参考.Abstract: The northern margin of the Qaidam Basin (NQB) preserves key records of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. However, significant controversies remain regarding the nature of the Mesozoic basin (extensional vs. compressional) and the tectonic setting during the Paleogene.To address these issues, this study conducts detailed interpretation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic data in the central segment of the NQB, yielding the following results. Integrating thermochronologic constraints, seismic reflection geometries, and regional analyses of fault activity, the structural succession of the area can be subdivided into three principal tectonic layers: the Mesozoic layer (Jurassic-Cretaceous), the Paleogene layer (Lulehe Formation (E1+2) to the upper part of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation (E32)), and the Neogene-Quaternary layer (Upper Ganchaigou Formation (N1) to Quaternary). Fault assemblages differ markedly among the tectonic layers. The Mesozoic layer is characterized by small-scale planar or listric normal faults; the Paleogene layer exhibits NW-trending imbricate thrust systems; and the Neogene-Quaternary layer is dominated by NW-trending thrust-related imbricate structures together with near-E-W-trending Y-shaped thrust-strike-slip faults. Based on the fault architecture within each tectonic layer, the tectonic evolution along the northern Qaidam Basin margin since the Mesozoic can be categorized into three major stages: a Mesozoic rifting phase (Late Triassic-Cretaceous), a Paleogene weak compressional phase (27-18 Ma), and a Neogene-Quaternary intense transpressional phase (5.1-2.8 Ma).This study clarifies the fault assemblage styles and their temporal evolution within different tectonic layers in the central segment of the northern Qaidam margin, providing new seismic evidence to constrain debates on the Mesozoic basin nature and Paleogene tectonic background of the northern Qaidam Basin. The identification of tectonic layering and stage-dependent intensification of compression and transpression also offers key constraints on basin-mountain coupled deformation mechanisms associated with the northward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic, and provides a valuable tectonic framework for structural analysis and resource exploration in the northern Qaidam margin.
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图 1 研究区与测线位置
据Wu et al.（2019）；Li et al.（2024b）修改. NZF. 北宗务隆山断裂带；NQF. 柴北缘断裂带；QTF.祁漫塔格北缘断裂带；SQF. 柴达木南缘断裂带；KLF. 昆仑断裂带；ATF. 阿尔金断裂带；WHF.哇洪山断裂带（温泉断裂带）；LDF. 拉配泉拆离断层
Fig. 1. Survey lines and their location within the study area
图 2 柴达木盆地北缘构造地质图
据Wu et al., 2017, 2021b; Gao et al., 2013; Zuza et al., 2016. 柴北缘逆冲断层系: DS. 大赛北逆冲断层; XS. 小赛北逆冲断层; SN. 赛南逆冲断层; QD. 柴达木山逆冲断层; WL. 西绿梁山逆冲断层; EL. 东绿梁山逆冲断层; XT. 锡铁山逆冲断层; OL. 欧龙布鲁克逆冲断层; AM. 埃姆尼克山逆冲断层; CSA. 长山背斜; DLA.大浪背斜
Fig. 2. Tectonic geologic map of the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin
图 3 研究区地层综合柱状图（杨飞等，2013；Wu et al., 2021b）
Fig. 3. Composite stratigraphic column of the study area
图 6 青藏高原北缘构造热年代数据分布
图中标注1~42请参见Wu et al，2021a；43见Wu et al.，2021b；44见Li et al.，2023；45见Gao et al.，2022；46见Tao et al.，2025；47见Wang et al.，2024；48见Li et al.，2024a；49见Liu et al.，2024；50见Yu et al.，2025
Fig. 6. Distribution of tectono-thermochronological dataset in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
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