Regulatory Mechanism of Seasonal Variations on Sediment Phosphorus Release in Shallow Lakes
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摘要:
为阐明浅水湖泊沉积物内源磷季节性波动机制，通过野外采样和室内模拟（控制温度、溶解氧等关键参数）不同季节上覆水环境，结合沉积物磷形态提取与微生物功能基因定量技术，系统揭示了内源磷转化的季节性规律与驱动机制.研究结果表明浅水湖泊内源磷的季节性波动是受上覆水环境驱动的“矿化-溶解-吸收-储存”过程转换：春季以有机磷矿化（ugpQ高表达）促进钙磷溶解（减少70.56 mg/kg），夏季在缺氧背景下表现为铁磷还原溶解（减少108.55 mg/kg）并伴随低亲和力磷转运基因（pit2）升高的释放-吸收，秋季以非生物钙磷溶解（减少70.55 mg/kg）与高亲和力磷转运系统（pst高表达）介导的磷吸收并存；冬季碳-磷裂解酶系统基因（phn高表达）活化促使难降解磷利用.本研究深化了对内源磷波动生物化学耦合机制的理解.
Abstract:To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the seasonal fluctuations of endogenous phosphorus in shallow lake sediments, field sampling and laboratory simulations (controlling key parameters such as temperature and dissolved oxygen) of the overlying water environment across different seasons were conducted. This was integrated with sediment phosphorus form extraction and microbial functional gene quantification techniques to systematically reveal the seasonal patterns and driving mechanisms of endogenous phosphorus transformation. The results indicate that the seasonal fluctuations of internal phosphorus in shallow lakes are driven by overlying water conditions and involve shifts among the "mineralization-dissolution-uptake-storage" processes. In spring, high expression of the organic phosphorus mineralization gene (ugpQ) drove the dissolution of calcium-bound phosphorus(decreased by 70.56 mg/kg). Summer was characterized by a coupled microbial release-uptake process, dominated by reductive dissolution of iron-bound phosphorus (decreased by 108.55 mg/kg) alongside increased expression of the low-affinity phosphate transporter gene (pit2). The process of autumn shifted to a regime characterized by abiotic-dominated dissolution of calcium-bound phosphorus (decreased by 70.55 mg/kg), while microorganisms concurrently enhanced phosphorus uptake via the high-affinity phosphate transport system (indicated by high pst gene expression). In winter, cold-tolerant bacterial communities activated the carbon-phosphorus lyase gene (phn) to utilize refractory phosphorus. This study deepens the understanding of the coupled biochemical mechanisms governing endogenous phosphorus fluctuations.
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Key words:
- shallow lake /
- phosphorus form /
- seasonal variation /
- sediment /
- microbial functional gene /
- hydrogeology
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图 2 湖水磷形态季节性变化特征
TP.总磷；DTP.溶解性总磷；DIP.溶解性无机磷；DOP.溶解性有机磷；PP.颗粒磷
Fig. 2. Characterization of seasonal changes in phosphorus forms in lake water
图 3 沉积物P形态季节性变化特征
Ex-P.可交换态磷；Fe-P.铁结合态磷；Ca-P.自生钙磷；De-P.碎屑磷灰石；OP.有机磷
Fig. 3. Phosphorus speciation content of surface sediments in different seasons
图 4 不同季节沉积物门水平下微生物群落相对丰度
S.夏季; W.冬季
Fig. 4. Relative abundances of microbial communities at the phylum level in the surface sediments at different seasons
图 5 水相中TP、DTP和DIP浓度随时间变化趋势
TP.总磷；DTP.溶解性总磷；DIP.溶解性无机磷
Fig. 5. Trends of TP, DTP, and DIP concentrations in aqueous solutions
图 6 模拟不同季节水环境下沉积物P形态
Ex-P.可交换态磷；Fe-P.铁结合态磷；Ca-P.自生钙磷；De-P.碎屑磷灰石；OP.有机磷
Fig. 6. Phosphorus forms of sediments under different seasonal water environments
图 7 模拟不同季节水环境下沉积物中与磷循环相关基因的相对丰度
Fig. 7. Relative abundance of microorganisms at the phylum level in the surface sediments at different seasonal water environments
图 8 夏季和冬季湖水、沉积物与微生物RDA分析
DO.溶解氧；Eh.氧化还原电位；TP.总磷；DTP.溶解性总磷；DIP.溶解性无机磷；Ex-P.可交换态磷；Fe-P.铁结合态磷；Ca-P.自生钙磷；De-P.碎屑磷灰石；OP.有机磷
Fig. 8. RDA analysis of lake water chemistry, sediment phosphorus forms and microbial communities in summer and winter
图 9 沉积物磷形态与水溶液中总磷相关性
Ex-P.可交换态磷；Fe-P.铁结合态磷；Ca-P.自生钙磷；De-P.碎屑磷灰石；OP.有机磷
Fig. 9. Correlation between phosphorus species in surface sediments and total phosphorus in aqueous solution
图 10 沉积物P功能基因的标准化相对丰度差异
3组P功能基因分别对应不同磷循环相关过程：（1）无机磷摄取过程：pstA-pstB-pstC与pit2；（2）膦酸盐利用过程（C-P键断裂）：phnG、phnH；（3）有机磷摄取/矿化及胁迫相关过程：ugpB、ugpQ及surE.三组基因共同反映了沉积物微生物在不同季节条件下对P形态变化的功能响应：当溶解无机磷需求增强时转运系统上调（pst/pit），在无机磷受限或有机磷/膦酸盐相对重要时相关途径增强（ugp/phn），同时伴随胁迫维持相关基因变化（surE）
Fig. 10. Differences in normalized relative abundance of sediment phosphorus (P) functional genes
图 11 不同季节沉积物磷释放机制概念模型
Fig. 11. Conceptual model of phosphorus release mechanism in different seasons
表 1 水环境参数设置对照
Table 1. Comparison of water environment parameter settings
pH DO 温度 (1)冬季 7.0 8~10 5 ℃ (2)春季 7.4~7.5 7~8 15 ℃ (3)秋季 8.4~8.6 5~6 25 ℃ (4)夏季 7.8~8.0 2~4 35 ℃ 注：DO.溶解氧. 
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表 2 不同P形态连续提取方法
Table 2. Methods of continuous extraction of different P forms
步骤 提取方法 提取磷形态 Ⅰ 20 mL1 mol/L MgCl2 (pH8，振荡2 h)，2次 Ex-P：弱吸附态磷 Ⅱ (1)20 mL碳酸氢钠/连二亚硫酸钠溶液
0.11 mol/LNaHCO3和0.11 mol/LNa2S2O4调节pH至7.0，振荡4 h
(2)20 mL 0.5 mol/L NaCl (振荡2 h)Fe-P：吸附到Fe矿物表面或者与Fe共沉淀的磷 Ⅲ (1)20 mL，1 mol/L醋酸钠82 g醋酸钠溶解进317 mL冰醋酸(17.5 mol/L)定容至1 L，调节pH4，振荡6 h
(2)20 mL1 mol/LMgCl2 (pH8，振荡2 h)Au-P：碳酸盐伴生磷自生磷灰石和生物磷灰石 Ⅳ 20 mL1 mol/L HCl (振荡16 h) Detr-P：碎屑磷灰石 Ⅴ 0.2 g泥样于50 mL离心管中
(1)20 mL1 mol/L HCl (振荡16 h)
将残渣以12 mL去离子水清洗
(2)烘干粉碎后，马弗炉450 ℃煅烧3 h
(3)20 mL，1 mol/L HCl (振荡16 h)OP：有机磷
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表 3 武汉南湖不同季节湖水化学指标
Table 3. Water chemistry indicators of South Lake in different seasons, Wuhan
春季 夏季 秋季 冬季 pH 8.13 8.02 9.22 8.09 DO(mg/L) 8.26 8.48 10.47 11.98 Eh(mV) 259.47 162.21 113.25 287.76 电导率(μS/cm) 396.00 339.1 342 486.33 TN(mg/L) 1.56 0.93 1.80 1.24 TP(mg/L) 0.09 0.11 0.15 0.09 DTP(mg/L) 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.03 DIP(mgl/L) 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.01 注：DO.溶解氧；Eh.氧化还原电位；EC.电导率；TN.总氮；TP.总磷；DTP.溶解性总磷；DIP.溶解性无机磷; 数值为平均值.
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