Characterizing Groundwater Recharge-Discharge Processes and Evaluating Soil Submergence Risk in Four-Lake Basin Using SWAT-MODFLOW Coupled Model
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摘要:
位于江汉平原的四湖流域是长江中游典型的江-河-湖-田多端元系统，生态环境问题突出，为了精确量化四湖流域内主要水系和地下水的交互速率，分析影响流域内土壤潜育化程度的主要因素.利用SWAT-MODFLOW模型构建四湖流域地表水-地下水耦合模型，围绕模型结果，对四湖流域内地表水和地下水交互速率的时空差异以及冷浸田分布情况进行分析探讨.研究结果表明，耦合模型对径流与地下水的模拟效果较好；长江与地下水交换呈现明显季节性转化，春夏季以江水补给地下水为主，秋冬季则地下水排泄入江；流域内长湖交互强度高于洪湖，总干渠上下游表现出不同的交换模式；土壤潜育化风险区（地下水埋深＜3 m）主要分布于洪湖周边、总干渠沿线及监利市西北部，受降水入渗、地形和土壤利用类型共同影响.本研究为四湖流域水交换过程与土壤渍涝风险提供了定量依据，可为区域水资源管理与生态保护提供科学支撑.
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关键词:
- 四湖流域 /
- SWAT-MODFLOW模型 /
- 地表水-地下水交互规律 /
- 土壤潜育化 /
- 水文地质 /
- 环境地质
Abstract:The Four-Lake basin in the Jianghan plain is a typical river-lake-wetland-farmland multi-element system in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, facing prominent eco-environmental challenges. To accurately quantify the exchange rates between major water systems and groundwater in the basin and to analyze the main factors influencing the degree of soil gleyization, this study constructed a loosely coupled surface water-groundwater model for the Four-Lake basin using SWAT-MODFLOW. Based on the simulation results, the spatiotemporal variation in surface water-groundwater exchange rates and the distribution of cold waterlogged paddy field were systematically examined. The results show that the coupled model performs well in simulating both runoff and groundwater dynamics. The exchange between the Yangtze River and groundwater exhibits clear seasonal reversals: river water recharges groundwater in spring and summer, while groundwater discharges into the river in autumn and winter. Within the basin, the interaction intensity of Changhu Lake is higher than that of Hong Lake, and the main canal shows different exchange patterns between its upstream and downstream sections.The risk areas of soil gleyization (groundwater depth ＜3 m) are mainly distributed around Honghu Lake, along the Four-Lake main canal, and in the northwest of Jianli City, influenced jointly by rainfall infiltration, topography, and land-soil types. This study provides a quantitative basis for understanding water exchange processes and soil waterlogging risks in the Four-Lake basin, offering scientific support for regional water resources management and ecological conservation.
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图 1 四湖流域概况、地下水监测井和岩心钻孔分布
Fig. 1. Overview of the Four-Lake basin with distribution of groundwater monitoring wells and core borings
图 2 四湖流域(a)高程、水系和主要排水闸口、(b)SWAT模型子流域划分、(c)土地利用类型、(d)土壤类型、(e)SWAT模型HRUs划分和(f)地下水模型的水文地质参数分区及边界条件设置
Fig. 2. Maps of the Four-Lake basin: (a) elevation, stream network, and main sluices, (b) SWAT model subbasins division; (c) land use classification, (d) soil classification, (e) SWAT model HRUs and (f) hydrogeological parameter zonation and boundary condition configuration for the groundwater model
图 3 新滩口站逐月径流量实测值和模拟值变化
Fig. 3. Comparison of observed and simulated monthly runoff at the Xintankou station
图 4 地下水位监测井观测值和模拟值变化
Fig. 4. Comparison of observed and simulated groundwater levels in monitoring wells
图 5 四湖流域内主要水系(长江、四湖总干渠、洪湖和长湖)在不同季节与地下水的交互速率
Fig. 5. Interaction rates between major surface water bodies (Yangtze River, Four-Lake Main Canal, Honghu Lake, Changhu Lake) and groundwater across seasons in the Four-Lake basin
图 6 四湖流域内长江全段、上游和下游分别与河岸地下水的年均(2011—2013年)交互速率
正值表示长江补给地下水，负值表示地下水排泄至长江
Fig. 6. Annual average (2011—2013) interaction rates between the Yangtze River (the entire, upper, and lower reaches) and riparian groundwater in the Four-Lake basin
图 7 四湖流域沿江钻孔岩性
Fig. 7. Lithologic logs of boreholes along the Yangtze River in the Four-Lake basin
图 8 地下水水位埋深与降雨量变化关系
Fig. 8. Relation diagram of groundwater level depth and rainfall variation
图 9 四湖流域2011—2013年地下水补给量分布
Fig. 9. Distribution of groundwater recharge in the Four-Lake basin (2011—2013)
图 10 2011—2013年四湖流域汛期地下水位埋深
Fig. 10. Depth of groundwater table during the flood season in the Four-Lake basin (2011—2013)
表 1 SWAT模型数据类型和来源
Table 1. Data types and sources of the SWAT model
数据类型 数据精度 数据来源 数字高程 30 m×30 m 地理空间数据云( http://www.gscloud.cn )土地利用类型 1 km×1 km 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据平台( https://www.resdc.cn )土壤类型 30 m×30 m 世界土壤学数据库(HWSD)( https://www.fao.org/ )气象数据 1/8°×1/8° 中国气象同化驱动数据集(CMADSV1.2) ( https://poles.tpdc.ac.cn )
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表 2 四湖流域MODFLOW模型的水文地质参数及分区
Table 2. Hydrogeological parameters and zonation for the MODFLOW model of the Four-Lake basin
水文地质参数分区 水平渗透系数Kx、Ky(m/d) 垂向渗透系数Kz(m/d) 给水度Sy 贮水率Ss(L-1) 潜水含水层 承压含水层 潜水含水层 承压含水层 潜水含水层 承压含水层 1 1.00 9.75 0.150 1.1 0.021 0.000 4 2 1.5 16 0.302 1.6 0.002 2 3 0.79 7.7 0.120 0.85 0.001 0 4 0.54 4.9 0.081 0.57 0.002 3
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表 3 SWAT模型参数率定结果
Table 3. SWAT model parameter calibration results
参数 参数含义 取值范围 最优值 t-value p-value 敏感性 GWQMN 基流判定系数 0~5 000 186.90 -30.89 0.00 1 REVAPMN 浅层地下水再蒸发系数 0~500 188.31 15.60 0.00 2 GW_DELAY 地下水延迟系数 0~500 232.39 -1.97 0.05 3 CH_N2 主河道曼宁系数 -0.01~0.30 0.11 1.91 0.06 4 SOL_BD 土壤湿容重 0.9~2.5 1.13 1.79 0.07 5 CH_N1 支流河道曼宁系数 0.01~30 20.30 -1.48 0.14 6 CH_K2 主河道河床有效水利传导度 -0.01~500 27.39 -1.22 0.22 7 SURLAG 地表径流延迟时间 0.05~24 15.11 -1.21 0.23 8 GW_REVAP 浅层地下水再蒸发系数 0.02~0.20 0.17 -1.20 0.23 9 SOL_AWC 土壤有效水容量 0~1 0.00 0.90 0.37 10 ESCO 土壤蒸发补偿系数 0.01~1 0.36 0.88 0.38 11 OV_N 坡面漫流的曼宁系数 0.01~30 17.89 -0.81 0.42 12 ALPHA_BNK 河岸基流α因子 0~1 0.33 -0.79 0.43 13 ALPHA_BF 基流回退系数 0~1 0.22 -0.47 0.64 14 SOL_K 土壤饱和水力传导度 0~2 000 1 766.62 0.38 0.70 15 EPCO 植物蒸发补偿系数 0.01~1 0.38 0.16 0.87 16 CN2 SCS径流曲线系数 35~98 35.34 -0.01 0.99 17
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