Genetic Analysis of Triangle Zones in Western Kunlun Mountains and Its Implications for Petroleum Geology
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摘要: 本研究基于地震与钻井资料，系统分析了西昆仑前构造三角带中滑脱层分布对构造样式差异及圈闭‒生烃耦合关系的控制.研究表明：乌泊尔段背驮盆地的演化始于石炭系‒二叠系与古近系滑脱层控制的断弯褶皱，随后褶皱核部冲断剧烈抬升，最终因岩石重力负载发生挠曲沉降，完整经历了三阶段演化.苏盖特‒齐姆根‒柯东段受中地壳、寒武系及石炭‒二叠系多套滑脱层影响，形成叠瓦冲断带与前缘单冲带；前者以新近纪形成的非饱和油气藏为主，后者继承三叠纪构造，圈闭保存好，是白垩系油气有利区.构造楔端点因烃源岩剥蚀强烈，普遍缺乏有效油气充注.杜瓦‒乌加特段仅发育寒武系滑脱面，表现为大型断弯褶皱，且缺失石炭‒二叠系烃源岩.本研究明确了滑脱层在控制构造演化与油气分布中的关键作用.Abstract: This study systematically analyzes the control of detachment layer distribution on structural style differences and trap-hydrocarbon generation coupling relationships in the frontal tectonic triangle zone of the Western Kunlun Mountains, based on seismic and drilling data. It is found that the evolution of the piggyback basin in the Upal section of the West Kunlun Mountains began with fault-bend folding controlled by Carboniferous-Permian and Paleogene detachment layers. Subsequently, the thrust in the fold core experienced intense uplift, ultimately leading to flexural subsidence due to rock gravity loading, completing a three-stage evolution process. The Sugaite-Qimugen-Kedong section, influenced by multiple detachment layers in the middle crust, Cambrian, and Carboniferous-Permian systems, develops imbricate thrust belts and frontal single-thrust zone. The former is dominated by Neogene-formed unsaturated hydrocarbon reservoirs, while the latter inherits Triassic structures with well-preserved traps, becoming a favorable area for Cretaceous hydrocarbon accumulation. At the endpoints of the tectonic wedge, intense erosion of source rocks generally results in a lack of effective hydrocarbon charging. The Duwa-Wujiate section only develops a Cambrian detachment surface, indicated by large-scale fault-bend folding and a lack Carboniferous-Permian source rocks. This study clarifies the critical role of detachment layers in controlling structural evolution and hydrocarbon distribution.
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Key words:
- Kunlun mountains /
- tectonic triangle zone /
- piggyback basin /
- detachment layer /
- Pamir /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 昆仑山前构造三角带平面图及岩性柱状图
a.昆仑山前主要断裂平面分布；b.新生代区域构造格架（修改自Chen et al.，2022a）；c.昆仑山前岩性柱状图
Fig. 1. Map and lithologic column showing the frontal Kunlun tectonic wedge
图 2 构造三角带演化模式
修改自Hagke and Malz（2018）. a~d.双滑脱层构造三角带形成过程；e~i.单一滑脱层构造三角带形成过程
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the tectonic wedge evolution
图 3 西昆仑山前乌泊尔地区地震剖面构造解释
a.乌泊尔背驮盆地二维地震反射剖面1；b.三维地震反射剖面2（以黑色虚线连接标识在整体背驮盆地中的位置）
Fig. 3. Structural interpretation of the seismic profile in the Wuboer area, West Kunlun mountains front
图 4 背驮盆地沉积中心向盆地方向迁移模式图(修改自Roure et al., 1988)
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram showing the migration of the sedimentary center in a piggyback basin (modified from Roure et al., 1988)
图 5 西昆仑山前乌泊尔段构造演化过程模式
Fig. 5. Tectonic evolution model of the Wuboer section at the West Kunlun front
图 6 西昆仑山前齐姆根段构造地震解释剖面(剖面3)
Fig. 6. Structural interpretation of seismic profile from the Qimugen section, West Kunlun front (Profile 3)
图 7 西昆仑山前杜瓦‒乌加特段构造三角带地震地质剖面图(剖面4)
Fig. 7. Structural interpretation of the seismic profile across the Duwa-Wujiate tectonic wedge, West Kunlun front (Profile 4)
图 8 昆仑山及南西天山下白垩系沉积前古地貌
Fig. 8. Sub-Cretaceous paleogeomorphologic map of the Kunlun and southwestern Tianshan forelands
图 9 西昆仑山前构造楔形成示意
Fig. 9. Model of tectonic wedge formation in the West Kunlun foreland
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