Formation and Coupling Model of Basin-Mountain Systems Characterized by "Low Mountain, Deep Basin": Evidence from Jianghan Basin
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摘要: 目前，盆山耦合理论已形成广泛共识，然而该理论在解释裂陷盆地及其周缘山系的耦合过程中还存在较多问题.为了阐明伸展体制之下的盆山耦合关系，研究以江汉盆地及周缘山系为例，基于野外露头、钻井与地震资料、地球化学与热年代学数据的综合分析，系统揭示了盆山构造演化过程.结果表明：周缘山系先后经历了快速冷却、持续冷却、缓慢冷却和快速冷却阶段，相应地，盆地则经历了基底挤压变形、热隆升、裂陷沉降和坳陷演化；软流圈地幔在驱动盆地裂陷沉降的同时，也带来了大量的深部复合物质.研究认为，在“低山深盆型”盆山体系形成过程中，盆地不断沉降、变深，而周缘山系不断剥露、变低.盆山之间的耦合模式为“周缘山系塑盆、山系剥露填盆、盆地增温暖山”.Abstract: The basin-mountain coupling theory has been widely recognized. However, it remains controversial in its interpretation for the basin-mountain systems in extensional regime. To unravel the basin-mountain coupling relationships under extensional regime, this study integrates field outcrops, borehole and seismic data, and geochemical and thermochronological data from the Jianghan basin and surrounding mountains, systematically clarifying their tectonic evolution. The surrounding mountains successively experienced rapid cooling, continued cooling, slow cooling and rapid cooling stages, and the Jianghan basin accordingly experienced compressional deformation, thermal doming, rifting and subsidence, and post-rift evolution. The upwelling of asthenospheric mantle not only drove the basin to undergo rifting and subsidence, but also delivered a large amount of deep composite materials to the basin. Our study proposes that the Jianghan basin became progressively deeper during the formation of the basin-mountain system, while the surrounding mountains got progressively lower and lower. The influence between the Jianghan basin and surrounding mountains is multi-faceted and single-directional. Their coupling model can be summarized as follows: (1) surrounding mountains shape the basin; (2) mountain exhumation results in basin filling; (3) the basin with increasing heat input transfers heat to surrounding mountains.
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Key words:
- basin-mountain system /
- basin-mountain coupling /
- thermal history /
- rift evolution /
- mantle upwelling /
- Jianghan basin /
- tectonics /
- geodynamics
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图 1 中国代表性盆山体系的分类（a、b）与结构特征剖面（c、d）
a.据Amante and Eakins（2009）修改；b.数据来自贾承造等（2008）；Wu et al.，2020a，2020c；李智武等（2021）；吴海等（2024）；Xiang et al.（2024）；徐振平等（2024）；赵邦六等（2024）；Zhang et al.（2025）；c.据李超（2019）；Xiang et al.（2024）修改；d.据Zhang et al.（2009）修改
Fig. 1. Classification (a, b) and sectional architecture (c, d) of the representative basin-mountain systems in China
图 2 江汉盆地及周缘山系现今盆地埋深与山系高程等值线图（a）；江汉盆地地层柱状图（b）；江汉盆地近东西向骨架剖面（c）
Fig. 2. Present basin depth and mountain elevation of the Jianghan basin and its surrounding mountains (a); stratigraphy column of the Jianghan basin (b); nearly E-W-trending seismic profile crossing the Jianghan basin (c)
图 3 江汉盆地及邻区基底地质图（a）与晚侏罗世古构造格局（b）
Fig. 3. Basement geological map (a) and Late Jurassic tectonic map (b) of the Jianghan basin and its adjacent region
图 4 周缘山系晚侏罗世以来热历史
热史数据来自Shen et al.（2012，2018，2020）；Ge et al.（2013）；Ji et al.（2014）；Tian et al.（2025）及所附参考文献
Fig. 4. Late Jurassic to present thermal history of the surrounding mountains of the Jianghan basin
图 5 江汉盆地上、下白垩统分布特征（a、b）与接触关系（c、d）
a，d.据Wu et al.（2018）
Fig. 5. Distribution of Upper and Lower Cretaceous (a‒b) and their stratigraphic contact (c‒d)
图 6 江汉盆地白垩纪动力学过程示意图
Fig. 6. Cartoon diagrams illustrating the Cretaceous geodynamics of the Jianghan basin
图 7 江汉盆地古近纪不同时期断层活动性与地层展布特征
Fig. 7. Paleocene fault activity rates of major faults and stratal thicknesses in the Jianghan basin
图 9 江汉盆地裂陷二幕‒三幕玄武岩Nd-Hf同位素组成（a）与La/Yb-Sm/Yb散点图（b）
数据来自彭头平等（2006）；吴路路（2019）
Fig. 9. Nd and Hf isotope compositions (a) and La/Yb vs. Sm/Yb diagram (b) of the Jianghan basalts during rift Phases 2‒3
图 10 江汉盆地古近纪动力学过程与深部复合物质输入示意图
Fig. 10. Cartoon diagram illustrating the Paleogene geodynamics of the Jianghan basin, with plenty of deep composite material input
图 11 江汉盆地及周缘山系晚侏罗世以来盆深与山高演化示意图（a‒e）与潜江期古地貌图（f）
Fig. 11. Evolution of basin depth and mountain elevation of the Jianghan basin and its surrounding mountains during the Late Jurassic to present (a‒e), with the paleotopography during the Qianjiang stage (f)
图 12 不同属性盆山体系下盆地热流史特征
数据来自袁玉松等（2007）；李天义等（2012）；Qiu et al.（2014）；邱楠生等（2023）
Fig. 12. Basin heat flow history in different basin-mountain system
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