Trans-Regional Tectonic Evolution and Differential Hydrocarbon Accumulation Characteristics between Shallow and Deep Layers in South American POM Basin
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摘要: 针对南美POM跨国超级盆地跨区域地层划分不统一、深浅层含油气系统协同评价薄弱问题，整合钻井、地震及实验数据，量化分析盆地构造‒沉积演化与成藏要素，构建成藏模式并评价资源量.明确盆地“克拉通边缘‒裂谷‒前陆”三大演化阶段与“西部冲断带‒中部前渊带‒东部斜坡带”横向分带特征；浅层为“成熟高效型”含油气系统，以两期充注、双向运移为主，深层为“低勘探程度潜力型”，以单期充注、垂向运移为特征；预测待发现可采资源量为7.01×108~10.61×108 t，圈定西部冲断带常规油气区、前渊和斜坡带常规油区、斜坡带重油区等3类有利勘探区.建立统一跨区域构造‒沉积框架与深浅层差异化油气成藏模式，为盆地制定“浅层挖潜、深层突破”的差异化勘探策略提供依据.Abstract: To address the issues of inconsistent cross-regional stratigraphic division and weak integrated evaluation of deep and shallow petroleum systems in the South American POM transnational super basin, this study integrates drilling, seismic and experimental data, quantitatively analyzes the basin's tectono-sedimentary evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation elements, establishes hydrocarbon accumulation models and assesses resource quantities. Three evolutionary stages of the basin ("cratonic margin - rift - foreland") and the horizontal zonation characteristics of the three belts ("western thrust belt - central foredeep belt - eastern slope belt") are clarified; the shallow layer is a "mature and efficient type" petroleum system, dominated by two-stage charging and bidirectional migration, while the deep layer is an "underexplored potential type", characterized by single-stage charging and vertical migration. The undiscovered recoverable resources are predicted to be 7.01×108-10.61×108 t, and three types of favorable exploration areas are delineated, including the conventional oil and gas area in the western thrust belt, the conventional oil area in the western slope and foredeep belt, and the heavy oil area in the slope belt. A unified cross-regional tectono-sedimentary framework and differentiated deep-shallow hydrocarbon accumulation models are established, which provides key geological support for the exploration strategy of "tapping potential in shallow layers and achieving breakthroughs in deep layers" in the basin.
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图 1 南北美板块白垩纪演化史与POM盆地构造环境
Fig. 1. Cretaceous evolution history of South-North American plates and tectonic setting of POM basin
图 3 盆地主要构造阶段岩相古地理
Fig. 3. Lithofacies paleogeography of the main tectonic stages in the basin
图 4 盆地综合柱状图与各次盆地层对应关系
Fig. 4. Composite columnar section & sub-basin stratigraphic correlation of the basin
图 5 盆地南北向连井对比
Fig. 5. Comparison of north-south oriented well-log cross-sections in the basin
图 7 盆地上白垩统Napo组烃源岩有机质丰度与成熟度平面分布
Fig. 7. Planar distribution map of organic matter abundance and maturity of source rocks in the Upper Cretaceous Napo Formation of the basin
图 8 盆地浅层岩心图片
a.上、下段为水下分流河道砂岩，中段为分流间湾粉砂质泥岩；b.辫状河砂岩；c.海岸平原砂岩和薄泥岩；d.潮汐改造滨岸相砂泥互层；e.开阔海相海绿石砂岩；a取自Fanny 18B井Napo组，b、c、d取自Gacela-1井Hollin组，e取自Jaguar-1井Hollin组
Fig. 8. Shallow-layer core photographs of the basin
图 9 盆地浅层含油气系统事件
Fig. 9. Petroleum system event chart of the shallow layers of the basin
图 10 盆地东西向构造剖面图与成藏模式
Fig. 10. East-west tectonic cross-section and hydrocarbon accumulation model of the basin
图 11 盆地深层含油气系统事件
Fig. 11. Petroleum system event chart of the deep layers of the basin
图 12 盆地侏罗系深层断陷分布与Shanusi 1X气藏位置
Fig. 12. Distribution of deep fault depressions in the Jurassic and location of the Shanusi 1X gas reservoir in the basin
图 13 盆地含油气系统平面分布及有利区预测
Fig. 13. Planar distribution of petroleum systems and favorable area prediction in the basin
表 1 盆地白垩纪主要沉积相特征对比
Table 1. Main Cretaceous depositional facies characteristics comparison of the basin
沉积相 主要分布区 对应地层（白垩系） 关键岩性特征 储集性能 控制因素 河流相 盆地东部 下统Cushabatay/Hollin组 厚层块状砂岩，发育交错层理 优 物源供给、可容纳空间 三角洲相 盆地东部局部 下统Cushabatay/Hollin组、“U”砂层 交错层理砂岩与薄层泥岩互层 优 物源强度、海平面下降 河口湾相 盆地西部 下统“M1”、“T”砂层 砂岩与薄层泥岩互层，含海绿石 优 弧后环境、可容纳空间 滨岸相 盆地西 下统“AguaCaliente组”、Cushabatay组 泥岩、含海绿石砂岩、薄层残余砂岩 差 海平面上升、陆源碎屑输入 海相碳酸盐岩相 盆地北部 上统Napo组（A、B、C灰岩段） 泥质石灰岩、钙质泥岩、薄层泥灰岩 差 高频海侵、低碎屑输入 冲积相 盆地南部 上统Vivian组 含卵石粗粒砂岩、块状交错层理砂岩 非储层 安第斯造山活动 
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表 2 盆地地层对比特征参数
Table 2. Characteristic parameters of stratigraphic correlation of the basin
统一地层单元 厄瓜多尔Oriente次盆 哥伦比亚Putumayo次盆 秘鲁Maranon次盆 核心岩性组合 关键测井响应特征 主要对比依据 顶部陆相层段 Tena组 Rumiyaco组 Vivian组上部、Cachiyacu组、Yahuarango组下部 上部为红色泥岩、粉砂岩，下部为厚层块状含砾石英砂岩 砂岩段：箱型低伽马、大跨度自然电位负异常、中高电阻；泥岩段：高幅锯齿状高伽马、极低电阻 区域不整合面接触关系 M1砂岩段 Napo组M1砂岩 Villeta组顶部砂岩段 Vivian组下部砂岩段 厚层‒块状中粗粒石英砂岩，发育大型槽状交错层理，夹薄层炭质泥岩 箱型‒钟型低伽马、显著自然电位负异常、中高电阻，顶部与上覆泥岩呈突变接触 1.下覆A灰岩标志层的等时性约束；2.砂岩段内部沉积旋回的横向可追踪性 A灰岩段 Napo组A灰岩 Villeta组中部灰岩段 Chonta组顶部灰岩段 暗色泥晶灰岩、生屑灰岩，局部含燧石条带与磷质结核，夹薄层富有机质泥岩 平直型极低伽马、极高电阻、高密度、低声波时差 1.全盆地稳定分布的“两低两高”测井响应；2.主力烃源岩段的生物标志化合物区域可对比性 U砂岩段 Napo组U砂岩 Villeta组中部砂岩段 Chonta组中部砂岩段 中厚层中细粒石英砂岩，发育板状交错层理与波纹层理 箱型‒钟型低伽马、明显自然电位负异常、中电阻，底部与下伏灰岩呈突变接触 1.上下灰岩标志层的顶底界约束；2.砂岩段沉积旋回的横向连续性 B灰岩段 Napo组B灰岩 Villeta组顶部灰岩段 Chonta组底部灰岩段 暗色泥晶灰岩、含泥灰岩，夹富有机质钙质泥岩 平直型极低伽马、高电阻、高密度、低声波时差 1.全盆地稳定的测井响应特征；2.白垩系最高海平面事件的全球等时性；3.盆地主力烃源岩段的油源对比验证 T砂岩段 Napo组T砂岩 Villeta组下部砂岩段 Agua Caliente组顶部砂岩段 厚层中粗粒石英砂岩，发育大型交错层理，底部含砾石 厚层箱型极低伽马、大跨度自然电位负异常、高电阻，整体呈正旋回特征 1.上下灰岩标志层的顶底界约束；2.盆地东部地盾区超覆尖灭的统一边界 C灰岩段 Napo组C灰岩 Villeta组下部灰岩段 Agua Caliente组底部灰岩段 泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩，夹薄层黑色页岩 低平型低伽马、中高电阻，局部因泥质含量升高出现伽马小幅抬升 1.阿尔布期中期全球海侵事件的等时性；2.下伏砂岩的顶界约束 底部砂岩段 Hollin组 Caballos组 Raya、Cushabatay组 厚层块状石英砂岩，夹薄层炭质泥岩与煤线，底部为区域不整合面 巨厚层箱型极低伽马、极强自然电位负异常、中高电阻 1.基底顶部的区域不整合面；2.盆地东部地盾区的超覆尖灭特征
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表 3 盆地深浅层烃源岩特征对比
Table 3. Shallow-deep source rock characteristics comparison of the basin
对比参数 浅层Napo组 浅层Hollin组 深层Santiago组 深层Pumbuiza组 深层Mucuma组 年代地层 上白垩统 下白垩统 上三叠‒下侏罗统 泥盆系 二叠系 岩性 海相泥岩、泥灰岩 海相、海陆过渡相泥岩 泥岩、碳酸盐岩 海相泥岩 浅海相泥岩 干酪根 Ⅱ型，局部Ⅰ型 Ⅱ型 Ⅱ型为主，少量Ⅱ-Ⅲ型 Ⅲ型 Ⅲ型 TOC含量 西富东贫，西部4.7%~10%，东部 < 1% 多数 > 3% 局部8.8% 2.0%~4.5%（平均值为3.2%） 0.7%~1.7%（平均值为1.2%） 0.18%~0.5%（平均值为0.3%） Ro值 西部 > 0.6%，东部 < 0.5% 西高东低，西部达生油窗 中部0.6%~0.7%，南部冲断带深层1.0%~1.8% 1.5%~1.65% 2.32%~3.01% 生烃类型 油 中等‒轻质油 油为主，南部局部生气 天然气为主 天然气为主 分布与厚度 全盆大范围分布70~600 m 盆地中西部80~240 m 盆地中南部50~300 m 盆地中西部50~100 m 盆地中西部30~50 m 评价 浅层主要烃源岩贡献超90%油气 浅层次要烃源岩为白垩系供油气 深层主要烃源岩为盆地中、南部供烃 深层潜在烃源岩生烃潜力有限 深层潜在烃源岩局部有供烃潜力
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表 4 盆地深浅层含油气系统特征对比
Table 4. Comparison of petroleum system characteristics between shallow and deep layers in the basin
对比类型 浅层含油气系统（白垩系‒古近系） 深层含油气系统（前白垩系） 烃源岩 主力：上白垩统Napo组海相黑色泥岩/泥灰岩（Ⅱ型干酪根，TOC为0.5%~10%）次要：下白垩统Hollin组海陆过渡相泥岩（Ⅱ型干酪根，TOC > 3%） 主要：上三叠‒下侏罗统Santiago组海陆过渡相泥岩/碳酸盐岩（Ⅱ型干酪根，TOC为2.0%~4.5%）潜在：泥盆系Pumbuiza组、二叠系Macuma组海相泥岩（Ⅲ型干酪根，TOC为0.3%~1.2%） 储层类型 主力：白垩系Napo组（M1/U/T砂层）、Hollin组石英砂岩次要：上白垩统‒古近系Tena组、Tiyuyacu组、Orteguaza组砂岩 主力：三叠‒侏罗系Santiago组碳酸盐岩/砂岩次要：石炭‒二叠系Macuma组薄层灰岩/砂岩、泥盆系Pumbuiza组变质灰岩/砂岩 储层物性 中‒高孔高渗：孔隙度均值为15%~16.5%，渗透率均值为318~539 mD，以原生粒间孔为主 中‒低孔低渗：孔隙度均值为4%~15%，渗透率均值为3~8 mD，以溶蚀孔、裂缝为主 盖层条件 区域盖层：古近系Tena组致密泥岩；局部盖层：Napo组内部碳酸盐岩/泥岩夹层，封盖稳定 局部盖层：石炭‒二叠系Macuma组泥岩（750 m）、Pumbuiza组泥岩夹层（20~50 m），缺乏区域性盖层，封盖不均 成藏动力 常规油气：浮力为主+构造挤压辅助重油：早期浮力+后期次生改造 超压与构造挤压联合驱动 成藏期次 两期充注：晚渐新世‒早中新世（30 Ma）、晚中新世至今（10 Ma以来） 单期充注：晚白垩世‒古近纪 主控因素 构造圈闭有效性、储层连续性与物性、区域盖层完整性、生烃强度 烃源岩成熟度、溶蚀孔‒裂缝发育程度、超压封盖作用、基底断裂活动性与连通性 成藏模式 1.西部冲断带陡坡短距离成藏；2.中东部前渊‒斜坡带中距离成藏；3.东部斜坡带重油长距离成藏 1.西部深凹区源内碳酸盐岩成藏；2.坳陷边缘侧向砂岩成藏；3. 垂向古生新储砂岩成藏 油气类型 常规轻质油、伴生溶解气；重油 干气、凝析油；推测局部发育小型原油藏 主要分布区 西部冲断带、中部前渊带、东部斜坡带，呈“西轻东重、北富南贫”格局 西部前渊带及深凹区 待发现可采资源量 约8×108 t（常规油气5×108 t，重油3×108 t） 约5.5×108~9.1×108 t 勘探程度 高，进入构造‒岩性勘探阶段 低，处于初步探索阶段
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