Structural Characteristics and Favorable Target Prediction of Ultra-Deep Salt-Related Structures: A Case Study of the Madong Structural Belt
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摘要: 塔里木盆地玛东构造带是世界上保存最好的早古生代褶皱-冲断带之一，由于构造的复杂性，其中寒武统盐相关构造特征和变形机理目前还存在较大的争议，这在一定程度上制约了该地区超深层盐下油气勘探.本研究基于二维地震资料厘定了盐相关构造样式，确定了其变形期次和演化序列，建立了构造演化与板块活动的响应关系，讨论了盐相关构造变形机理，预测了盐下油气有利区.玛东构造带中寒武统膏盐岩盐上多发育向腹陆方向冲断的破冲褶皱，盐下主要为剪切褶皱作用（含压扁褶皱作用）形成的基底卷入型冲起构造.主要变形期是奥陶纪末期和志留纪末期，受控于阿尔金-祁连地体和柴达木地块与塔里木板块的拼贴碰撞.中寒武统膏盐岩层是该地区反冲断层形成的最关键的驱动因素之一.剪切褶皱作用可以间接导致形成陡倾或直立的裂缝，“盐上破冲褶皱+盐下冲起构造”的组合是超深层盐下最有力的勘探目标.Abstract: Madong structural belt in the Tarim basin is one of the best-preserved Early Paleozoic fold-thrust belts in the world. However, significant controversy persists regarding the characteristics and deformation mechanisms of Middle Cambrian salt-related structures due to complicate structures, which has constrained ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration in the region. This study delineated the styles of salt-related structures based on 2D seismic data, determined their deformation phases and evolutionary sequence, established the response relationship between structural evolution and plate activities, discussed the deformation mechanisms, and predicted favorable sub-salt hydrocarbon targets. In the Madong structural belt, the post-salt strata predominantly developed hinterland-vergent break-thrust folds, while the sub-salt strata were dominated by basement-involved pop-up structures formed through shear folding (including flattening folding). The main deformation periods occurred at the end of the Ordovician and the Silurian, controlled by the amalgamation and collision of the Altun-Qilian Terrane and the Qaidam Block with the Tarim Plate. The Middle Cambrian gypsum-salt layer is one of the most critical driving factors for the formation of back-thrust faults in the belt. Shear folding can indirectly lead to the development of steeply dipping or vertical fractures, and the assemblage of "post-salt break-thrust folds and sub-salt pop-up structures" represents the most favorable exploration target for ultra-deep sub-salt strata.
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图 1 塔里木盆地构造概述及沉积地层层序
a.塔里木盆地周缘板块构造(据Chen et al., 2007和董云鹏等, 2022修改)及构造单元分区; b.塔里木盆地沉积地层层序及岩性(据Lin et al., 2012修改)
Fig. 1. Overview map and stratigraphic sequences of the Tarim basin
图 2 不同类型褶皱溢出面积随褶皱层高度变化规律
a.膝折褶皱；b.平行褶皱；c.相似褶皱；d.生长背斜
Fig. 2. Variation patterns of the excess area of different types of folds with respect to fold layer height
图 3 玛东-塘南褶皱冲断带中寒武统盐相关构造样式
蓝色为中寒武统
Fig. 3. Salt-related structural styles of the Middle Cambrian in the Madong-Tangnan fold-thrust belt
图 4 玛东‒塘南褶皱冲断带中寒武统顶、底面断裂分布
Fig. 4. Distribution of faults at the top (Tg6') and bottom (Tg7) of the Middle Cambrian gypsum-salt layer in the Madong-Tangnan fold-thrust belt
图 10 玛东构造带构造演化与板块活动的响应关系
a.塔里木板块东部及其周缘地区构造演化过程（据Chen et al.，2007修改）；b~e.玛东构造带中寒武统顶面活动断裂分布（底图为中寒武统顶面在不同时期的古地貌形态）.ATR：阿尔金裂谷，ATU：阿尔金隆起；AT：阿尔金，AT-QLT：阿尔金‒祁连地体，ENTS-JGR：东北天山‒准噶尔裂谷，ETMCMB：塔里木东部大陆边缘盆地，ENTS-JGO：东北天山‒准噶尔洋，ETMBAB：塔里木东部弧后盆地，ETMBAFB：塔里木东部弧后前陆盆地，ENTM：东北塔里木，IDP：印度板块，JGP：准噶尔板块，JSJO：金沙江洋，KQFB：库车前陆盆地，KL-QMP：昆仑‒柴达木板块，KMR：库满裂谷，LSB：拉萨地块，MTSA：中天山岛弧，NATO：北阿尔金洋，NTM：北塔里木，NTSO：北天山洋，NQTB：北羌塘地块，PSTS：古南天山，PNTS：古北天山，PNKLM：古北昆仑山，QDB：柴达木地块，SATO：南阿尔金洋，STSO：南天山洋，SKLT：南昆仑地体，SQTB：南羌塘地块，TMCD：塔里木克拉通内坳陷，TZ：塔中，TMP：塔里木板块，WTMCD：塔里木西部克拉通内坳陷，YLP：伊犁板块
Fig. 10. Response relationship between structural evolution of the Madong structural belt and plate activities
图 11 玛东构造带盐相关构造演化序列
Fig. 11. Evolutionary sequence of salt-related structures in the Madong structural belt
图 12 膏盐岩滑脱层对变形楔构造样式的影响
a.无膏盐岩滑脱面；b.有膏盐岩滑脱面
Fig. 12. Influence of gypsum-salt detachment layer on structural styles of the deformation wedge
图 13 无塑性层（a）和有塑性层（b）构造物理模拟实验结果
Fig. 13. Tectonophysical simulation experiment results without (a) and with (b) the plastic detachment layer
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