Low-Temperature Kinematic Mechanisms of High-Elevation Rock-Ice Debris Flows Based on Rheological Characteristics
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摘要:
为揭示青藏高原冰岩崩转化形成的含冰碎屑流低温运动学机制，量化含冰量与质量对流动行为的控制效应，在智能温控条件下，结合冰碛土浆体流变试验与含冰碎屑流物理模型试验，利用加速度监测与PIV（粒子图像测速法）反演，分析不同含冰量（25%、50%、75%）与质量（10 kg、15 kg、20 kg）对动力响应、速度场演化及堆积特征的影响.流变试验表明，浆体屈服应力对容重高度敏感：低容重体系中屈服应力随容重提高呈倍数增长，高容重体系中冰碛物强化效应趋于饱和.物理模型试验揭示了含冰碎屑流冲出距离与含冰量、总质量均呈显著正相关，二者存在非线性耦合增强效应；含冰量通过调控颗粒接触网络主导体系流态转变，决定了“摩擦-胶结-润滑”力学行为的演化方向；总质量通过惯性效应调控力学行为转化强度与能量传递效率，二者协同控制含冰碎屑流的长距离超强运移能力.建立了考虑摩擦-润滑耦合机制的“冲出距离-扩散宽度-影响范围”多元非线性预测模型（R2 > 0.94），为青藏高原冰岩崩灾害危险范围评估提供了量化依据，能有效指导重大工程选线、建设与运维安全.
Abstract:To reveal the low-temperature kinematic mechanism of ice-bearing debris flow transformed from ice-rock avalanches on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and quantify the controlling effects of ice content and total mass on its flow behavior, it performed integrated tests under intelligent temperature-controlled conditions. Combining rheological tests of moraine soil slurry and physical model tests of ice-bearing debris flow, it analyzed the influences of varying ice contents (25%, 50%, 75%) and total masses (10 kg, 15 kg, 20 kg) on the dynamic response, velocity field evolution, and deposition characteristics of the debris flows via acceleration monitoring and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) inversion.Rheological test results demonstrate that the yield stress of the slurry is highly sensitive to bulk density. Specifically, in low bulk density systems, yield stress increases multiplicatively with rising bulk density, whereas the strengthening effect of moraine materials tends to saturate in high bulk density systems.Physical model tests reveal that the runout distance of ice-bearing debris flow exhibits a significantly positive correlation with both ice content and total mass, with a nonlinear coupling enhancement effect observed between the two factors. Ice content dominates the flow regime transition of the system by regulating the particle contact network, which dictates the evolution direction of the "friction-cementation-lubrication" mechanical behavior. Total mass modulates the transformation intensity of mechanical behavior and energy transfer efficiency through inertial effects. Together, these two factors synergistically control the ultra-long-distance, high-mobility transport capacity of ice-bearing debris flows.It established a multivariate nonlinear prediction model for "runout distance-spread width-impact scope" that incorporates the friction-lubrication coupling mechanism, with a coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.94). This model provides a quantitative basis for hazard range assessment of ice-rock avalanche disasters on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and can effectively guide the route selection, construction, and safe operation and maintenance of major engineering projects.
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图 1 天摩沟高位冰川泥石流流域概况
Fig. 1. General situation of the Tianmo Gully high-altitude glacier debris flow basin
图 2 不同容重冰碛土浆体流变试验过程
Fig. 2. Rheological test process of moraine soil slurry with different unit weights
图 3 天摩沟土样颗粒级配曲线
a.物源区；b.流通区；c.堆积区
Fig. 3. Grain size distribution curves of soil samples from Tianmo Gully
图 4 不同容重试验组流变曲线
Fig. 4. Rheological curves of different bulk density experimental groups
图 5 不同组别流变曲线的线性拟合图
Fig. 5. Linear fitting diagram of Rheological curves for different groups
图 6 智能温控试验系统与传感器布设
Fig. 6. Intelligent temperature-controlled test system and sensor layout
图 9 不同工况下含冰碎屑流冲出距离影响范围
Fig. 9. The influence range of the runout distance of ice-bearing debris flows under different working conditions
图 10 不同工况PIV处理分析
Fig. 10. PIV processing and analysis under different working conditions
表 1 不同区域土样颗粒筛分试验数据
Table 1. Sieving test data of soil samples from different zones of Tianmo Gully
序号 颗粒分布占比（单位：%） > 20 20~10 10~5 5~2 2~1 1~0.5 0.5~0.25 0.25~0.1 0.1~0.075 < 0.075 堆积区 1 6.43 8.55 6.56 11.00 4.86 11.77 25.26 15.35 7.45 2.77 2 3.24 12.18 9.57 5.62 4.84 14.56 25.29 10.28 9.59 4.84 3 7.27 10.65 6.88 7.02 10.75 11.64 25.38 15.33 3.16 1.92 平均 5.76 10.49 7.62 7.79 7.11 12.59 25.32 13.76 6.47 3.09 流通区 1 7.61 12.26 8.12 9.31 8.60 10.47 20.85 13.61 7.95 1.21 2 5.58 5.29 5.01 16.66 16.94 4.81 23.74 10.03 4.61 7.34 3 7.40 9.24 5.93 8.15 15.22 9.14 19.01 14.20 9.31 2.40 平均 6.95 9.25 6.50 11.07 13.18 8.39 21.09 12.76 7.43 3.38 物源区 1 3.28 12.05 10.78 15.98 6.56 15.25 14.37 7.44 7.71 6.58 2 4.57 5.65 8.44 21.08 4.31 10.62 19.73 13.89 5.76 5.94 3 8.61 7.27 15.43 10.87 12.59 11.13 11.19 5.35 8.73 8.84 平均 5.49 8.33 11.55 15.98 7.82 12.33 15.10 8.89 7.40 7.12 
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表 2 不同分组的流变参数
Table 2. Rheological parameters of different groups
组别 容重(t/m3) 冰碛物含量(%) 屈服应力$ {\tau }_{0} $(Pa) 对照组 1.9 50 587 A组 1.7 0 76 B组 1.7 30 113 C组 1.7 50 142 D组 1.8 0 239 E组 1.8 30 288 F组 1.8 50 326 G组 1.9 0 474 H组 1.9 30 515 I组 1.9 50 545
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表 3 物理模型相似比尺
Table 3. Similarity scale of physical model
比尺类别 比尺名称 符号 比尺数值 推导依据 几何比尺 水平比尺 λL 102 原型与模型几何长度之比 面积比尺 λA 104 λA=λL2 体积比尺 λV 106 λV=λL3 流速比尺 λu 10 λu=λL0.5 运动学比尺 时间比尺 λt 10 λt=λL/λu 流量比尺 λq 105 λq=λu λL2 动力学比尺 动力比尺 λF 106 λF=λρ λL3 λg 容重比尺 λγ 1 弗劳德相似要求 材料比尺 级配比尺 λd 1 模拟原型材料组成 孔隙率比尺 λn 1 模拟原型堆积结构
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表 4 基于原型岩粒级配含冰碎屑流试验方案
Table 4. Test scheme of rock-ice avalanche-debris flow based on prototype rock particle gradation
试验组号 总质量(kg) 含冰量 冰质量(kg) 岩石质量(kg) 岩石级配(原型) W1 10 25% 2.50 7.50 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W2 10 50% 5.00 5.00 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W3 10 75% 7.50 2.50 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W4 15 25% 3.75 11.25 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W5 15 50% 7.50 7.50 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W6 15 75% 11.25 3.75 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W7 20 25% 5.00 15.00 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W8 20 50% 10.00 10.00 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734% W9 20 75% 15.00 5.00 8.394%/11.684%/10.884%/23.304%/45.734%
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