Metallogenic Specificity and Prospecting Directions of Sandstone-Type Uranium Deposits in Uranium-Bearing Series in Arid Depositional Background
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摘要: 最近十多年来，我国砂岩型铀矿勘查的目标层位由早期的灰黑色含铀岩系逐渐转变为红杂色含铀岩系.由于两者形成发育的沉积古气候悬殊，从而造成了含铀岩系还原能力的极大差异，并进而从“基因”上影响了区域层间氧化带的发育规模，直接制约对远景区和找矿靶区的预测.鉴于此，笔者结合多个沉积盆地系列干旱沉积背景含铀岩系的研究，在含铀岩系类型划分的基础上，以温暖潮湿沉积背景含铀岩系作为参照物，系统总结了红杂色含铀岩系的基本特征和铀成矿规律，并提出了关键科学问题和勘查预测建议.研究认为，沉积古气候通过与古环境的耦合直接影响含铀岩系的有机还原介质丰度，并进而制约铀成矿，因此有必要依据深时古气候和古环境将含铀岩系划分为灰黑色和红杂色两种极端类型.研究发现，两种极端类型的含铀岩系具有本质区别，红杂色含铀岩系在制约铀成矿方面具有两个重要特征：一是总体缺少有机还原介质，TOC、S全和FeO含量均较低；二是铀储层砂体的岩石地球化学类型更加复杂多样.由于缺少有机还原介质，铀储层中的无机还原介质充当了铀成矿的重要角色，它们在铀储层中的成因演化和分布规律均有章可循.另外，由沉积相变而形成的铀储层外部还原介质也可以弥补内部还原能力的不足，而且对区域层间氧化带和铀成矿的空间定位起到决定性作用——沉积相变优先控矿.红杂色含铀岩系的后生氧化蚀变看似“微弱”且不易识别，主要表现为条带状、斑点状和灰白色氧化，氧化带是后生氧化与原生氧化的叠加复合，其规模宏大，通常可以延伸至盆地腹地.红杂色含铀岩系隶属新类型含铀岩系，业界亟待探索无机还原介质成矿机理、建立无机还原介质评价的环境参数标准、总结原生与后生氧化作用的识别标志.在铀矿勘查预测中，不仅需要准确定位整装灰色还原地质体、正确识别“弱”氧化带，还要打破常规进入盆地腹地开展预测评价.Abstract: Over the past decades, the target strata for sandstone-type uranium exploration in China have gradually shifted from early grayish-black uranium-bearing series to reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series. Due to the significant differences in the sedimentary paleoclimates in which these two types formed and developed, there is a substantial variation in the reducing capacity of the uranium-bearing series, which in turn fundamentally affects the scale of regional interlayer oxidation zones, directly restricting the prediction of prospective areas and prospecting targets. In light of this, in this paper, based on the study of uranium-bearing series in arid depositional backgrounds across multiple sedimentary basins, and using uranium-bearing series with warm and humid depositional background as a reference, it systematically summarizes the basic characteristics and uranium mineralization patterns of reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series, and proposes key scientific issues and exploration prediction suggestions. The study suggests that sedimentary paleoclimate, through its coupling with the paleoenvironment, directly affects the abundance of organic reducing media in uranium-bearing series, thus restricting uranium mineralization. Therefore, it is necessary to classify uranium-bearing rock series into two extreme types: grayish-black and reddish-variegated, based on sedimentary paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. The two extreme types of uranium-bearing series are fundamentally different. The reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series has two important characteristics that restrict uranium mineralization: firstly, an overall lack of organic reducing media, with low contents of TOC, Stotal, and FeO; secondly, more complex and diverse lithogeochemical types of uranium reservoir sand bodies. Owing to the lack of organic reducing media, inorganic reducing media in uranium reservoirs play a significant role in uranium mineralization, and their genetic evolution and distribution patterns are well-documented. Furthermore, external reducing media formed by sedimentary facies changes can compensate for insufficient internal reducing capacity and play a decisive role in the spatial positioning of regional interlayer oxidation zones and uranium mineralization-sedimentary facies changes preferentially control mineralization. The epigenetic oxidation alteration of the reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series appears "weak", mainly manifested as banded, spotted, and grayish-white oxidation. Being large in scale, the oxidation zones are a superposition of secondary and primary oxidation, and often extend into the hinterland of the basin. The reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series belongs to a new type of uranium-bearing series, and there is an urgent need to explore the ore-controlling mechanism of inorganic reducing media, establish environmental parameter standards for evaluating inorganic reducing media, and summarize the identification marks of primary and epigenetic oxidation. In uranium exploration and prediction, it is not only necessary to accurately locate the integral gray reducing geological body and correctly identify the "weak" oxidation zone, but also to break with convention and enter the hinterland of the basin to carry out prediction and evaluation.
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图 1 中国陆相沉积盆地含铀岩系分类及其沉积学关键要素
Fig. 1. Classification of uranium-bearing series and its key sedimentological elements in continental sedimentary basins in China
图 2 两类极端类型含铀岩系的宏观区别
a.灰黑色含铀岩系，中侏罗统克孜勒努尔组，富含煤层、有机质，强还原环境，库车库台克里克；b.碳化木植物根化石，中侏罗统直罗组下段下亚段，东胜黄天棉图；c.碳化植物茎秆化石，中侏罗统直罗组下段，东胜神山沟；d.碳质碎屑及其外围的黄铁矿，中侏罗统直罗组下段，磁窑堡‒惠安堡铀矿床；e.红杂色含铀岩系，上新统库车组，缺乏有机质，强氧化环境，拜城巴拉库艾肯（盐水沟）；f.钙化木植物根化石，中侏罗统直罗组下段上亚段，东胜神山沟；g.膏化木植物茎秆化石，上新统阿图什组，塔里木盆地玛扎塔格；h.被氧化的铁质植物根化石，下白垩统环河组，ZKW2019-1（198.9 m），特拉敖包铀矿床
Fig. 2. Macroscopic differences between the two extreme types of uranium-bearing series
图 3 我国典型砂岩型铀矿床原生灰色还原砂体氧化‒还原环境参数差异对比
Fig. 3. Comparison of oxidation-reduction environmental parameters of primary reduced sand bodies in typical sandstone-type uranium deposits in China
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地下白垩统原生灰色风成沉积及其后生蚀变典型露头剖面
a. 泾川组风成砂丘与湖泊交互沉积，镇原三岔镇余坪村；b，c. 罗汉洞组风成砂丘内部后生氧化蚀变舌，镇原三岔镇红崖湾
Fig. 4. Typical outcrop profile of Lower Cretaceous primary gray eolian deposits and their epigenetic alteration in the Ordos basin
图 5 塔西南坳陷阿图什组原生灰色砂岩、后生氧化蚀变及其铀矿化
a.大规模原生灰色砂砾岩，莎车县霍什拉甫乡露头；b.沿粗碎屑纹层发育后生氧化蚀变作用，墨玉县卡瓦克乡钻孔岩心（ZKM0702）；c.沿植物碎屑周边的后生氧化蚀变，墨玉县玛扎塔格山露头；d.由硅钾铀矿和石盐组成的表生铀矿化（γ异常最高达15 000×10-6），墨玉县玛扎塔格山露头砂岩（扫描电镜）；Bwd.硅钾铀矿；Hl.石盐；Qz.石英；Cd.碳质碎屑
Fig. 5. Primary gray sandstone, diagenetic oxidation alteration, and uranium mineralization in the Atushi Formation of the southwest depression in Tarim basin
图 6 金鸡盆地新隆组含铀岩系整装灰色砂岩、沉积体系及其与铀成矿关系
a.盆地结构模型，整装灰色砂岩形成于第Ⅱ裂陷幕末期的快速沉降阶段；b.新隆组上段上亚段第3沉积旋回整装灰色砂岩分布规律，显示灰色砂岩向西面积扩大、厚度增加，盐沙口铀矿床；c.新隆组上段上亚段第3沉积旋回沉积体系与铀成矿关系，铀矿化产出于三角洲平原（氧化）与前缘（还原）的相变过渡部位，盐沙口铀矿床；d.灰色砂岩厚度与铀成矿呈正相关；e.统计发现70%铀矿化距氧化砂体边界0~3 m，整装灰色砂岩的边界是找矿的关键标志
Fig. 6. Integral gray sandstone, sedimentary system and their relationships with uranium mineralization in uranium-bearing series of the Xinlong Formation in the Jinji basin
图 7 红杂色含铀岩系铀储层内部无机还原介质与铀成矿关系（扫描电镜）
a.氧化‒还原界面附近的铀石紧密包裹于莓状黄铁矿之外，特拉敖包铀矿床（鄂尔多斯盆地北部）；b.铀石具正六边形黄铁矿假晶和环带结构，表现为多期次交代黄铁矿，特拉敖包铀矿床（鄂尔多斯盆地北部）；c.铀石形成于闪锌矿和黄铁矿外围，特拉敖包铀矿床（鄂尔多斯盆地北部）；d.铀石与方铅矿、黄铁矿紧密伴生，铀石具双层环带生长结构，屯林铀矿床（十万大山盆地）；e.铀石包裹粒状砷钴矿，屯林铀矿床（十万大山盆地）；f.辉铜矿依附黄铜矿发育，外围分别产出沥青铀矿和铀石，盐沙口铀矿床（金鸡盆地）；g.铀石沿铁钛氧化物碎屑颗粒边缘生长，特拉敖包铀矿床（鄂尔多斯盆地北部）；h.铀石、硒铅矿与磁铁矿密切相关，铀石沿磁铁矿边缘和裂隙生长，特拉敖包铀矿床（鄂尔多斯盆地北部）；i.沥青铀矿围绕磷灰石产出，三湾铀矿床（鄂尔多斯盆地南部）. Cof.铀石；Pit.沥青铀矿；Py.黄铁矿；Sp.闪锌矿；Gn.方铅矿；Sm.砷钴矿；Cp.黄铜矿；Cc.辉铜矿；Cla.硒铅矿；Mt.磁铁矿；Fe-Ti Oxide.铁钛氧化物；Ap.磷灰石；Alm.铁铝榴石；Hm.赤铁矿；Bt.黑云母；Qz.石英；Ab.钠长石
Fig. 7. Backscattered electron images showing the relationship between inorganic reducing media and uranium mineralization within the uranium reservoir of the reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series
图 8 十万大山盆地屯林铀矿床铀储层内部无机还原介质的成因演化和分布规律（据李金辉，2024修改）
a.无机还原介质的成因分类；b.无机还原介质的地球化学分带
Fig. 8. Genetic evolution and distribution pattern of inorganic reducing media within the uranium reservoir of the Tunlin uranium deposit in the Shiwandashan basin (modified from Li, 2024)
图 9 钱家店铀矿床主要控矿要素的空间配置关系（姚家组湖泊扩展体系域第1小层序）
a. 沉积体系的相变关系，辫状分流河道朝北和北东方向分叉，在东北部相变为分流间湾；b.红色泥岩厚度向分流间湾方向减薄；c.暗色泥岩厚度向分流间湾方向增厚；d. TOC向分流间湾方向增高；e. Fe2O3/FeO向分流间湾方向持续降低；f. S全在沉积相变处突增，可能为分流间湾暗色泥岩衍生的还原流体渗入铀储层砂体导致黄铁矿大量形成；g. 铀储层中氧化砂体的厚度在沉积相变处迅速减薄；h. 铀储层砂体内部层间氧化分带结构；i. 铀矿化体完全沿分流河道与分流间湾的相变带分布
Fig. 9. Spatial configuration relationship of main ore-controlling factors in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit (the first subsequence of the lacustrine expansion system tract in the Yaojia Formation)
图 10 钱家店铀矿床的干旱红层相控模式
a.辫状河三角洲宏观控矿模型，展示三角洲平原‒前缘地区原生氧化、后生氧化与铀成矿的空间配置关系；b.分流间湾控矿模型细节，展示稳定覆水的分流间湾对区域层间氧化带和铀成矿发育的制约关系；c.相控铀成矿机理剖面模型，展示分流间湾还原物质与铀储层氧化流体的耦合为铀变价富集成矿奠定了良好的环境地质基础
Fig. 10. Sedimentary facies-controlled model in the arid red beds in the Qianjiadian uranium deposit
图 11 鄂尔多斯盆地北部沉积相变优先控矿典型实例（特拉敖包铀矿床，环河组上段）
a.含铀岩系沉积体系域重建图，纵向上依次具有由辫状河→辫状河三角洲（平原→前缘）→开阔湖泊（前三角洲）的演化特征；b.铀储层内部氧化砂体厚度与铀矿化叠合图，氧化砂体主要受沉积朵体控制，前锋线位置（大约50 m等厚线）基本与辫状河三角洲平原‒前缘相变边界吻合，铀矿床和铀矿化主要围绕前锋线一带发育
Fig. 11. Typical example of preferential ore control by sedimentary facies change in the northern Ordos basin (the Telaaobao uranium deposit, the upper Huanhe Formation)
图 12 红杂色含铀岩系铀储层中的铀矿体通常与完全氧化带没有直接接触
铀矿床与完全氧化带之间为条带状、斑点状或灰白色氧化亚带. a.松辽盆地西南部钱家店铀矿床；b.鄂尔多斯盆地北部特拉敖包铀矿床
Fig. 12. Indirect contact relationship between uranium ore bodies and completely oxidized zone with the uranium reservoir of the reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series (between the two is a banded, spotted, or grayish-white faded oxidation subzone)
图 13 干旱炎热沉积背景铀储层中层间氧化带发育的普遍规律及典型实例（岩心直径为8 cm）
Fig. 13. Developmental patterns and typical examples of interlayer oxidation zone in uranium reservoirs in arid and hot depositional backgrounds (the core diameter is 8 cm)
图 14 十万大山盆地屯林铀矿床发育的地质背景与演化过程
a.侏罗系含铀岩系与区域地质背景空间配置关系; b.贵台-平况一带含铀岩系地层格架、沉积充填与铀矿化关系, 剖面线方向总体垂直于古水流; c.铀矿床(化)及其关键控矿要素形成发展演化过程模式
Fig. 14. Geological background and evolution process of the Tunlin uranium deposit in the Shiwandashan basin
表 1 红杂色含铀岩系铀储层砂体岩石地球化学类型复杂多样
Table 1. Complex and diverse lithogeochemical types in reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series
沉积期 成岩‒成矿期 沉积古环境 原生型 后生蚀变作用 后生型 暴露氧化沉积环境 原生氧化色系砂岩 后生氧化蚀变作用 后生氧化色系砂岩 覆水还原沉积环境 原生还原色系砂岩 后生还原蚀变作用 后生还原色系砂岩 
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表 2 红杂色含铀岩系典型铀矿床铀储层内部还原介质对比
Table 2. Comparison of inner reducing media within uranium reservoirs of typical uranium deposits in the reddish-variegated uranium-bearing series
沉积盆地 铀矿床 宏观有机还原介质 无机还原介质 金属硫化物 铁、钛氧化物 磷酸盐矿物 碳酸盐矿物 优势矿物 典型矿物 衍生物 鄂尔多斯 特拉敖包 极少量碳质碎屑 黄铁矿、闪锌矿、辉铜矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、毒砂 硒铅矿 钛铁矿、锐钛矿、金红石、磁铁矿 磷灰石 无 黄铁矿、磁铁矿、钛铁矿 三湾 无 黄铁矿、方铅矿、白铁矿、闪锌矿、辉钼矿、辉锑矿、黄铜矿 无 钛铁矿、锐钛矿、金红石、铁铝榴石、磁铁矿 磷灰石 碳酸盐岩砾石 钛铁矿、黄铁矿 十万大山 屯林 少量碳质碎屑 黄铁矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿 硒铅矿、黝铜矿、砷钴矿、硒银矿 钛铁矿、磁铁矿 无 无 方铅矿、黄铁矿、钛铁矿 金鸡 371（盐沙口） 少量碳质碎屑 黄铁矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、方铅矿、辉钴矿 硒铅矿、红砷镍矿 钛铁矿、锐钛矿 磷灰石 （铁）白云石 黄铁矿、黄铜矿、辉铜矿 注：资料来源：屈伸，2023；李金辉，2024；钟伟辉，2025.
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