Progress and Application of Centrifuge Analogue Modelling in Tectonic Deformation
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摘要: 超重力物理模拟技术是重现具有多层流变结构的地壳-岩石圈尺度构造变形过程的有效方法，在研究深部流变结构及其对上地壳脆性变形的影响中发挥了重要作用，广泛应用于底辟构造、褶皱冲断带、大陆伸展构造、岩浆-裂谷相互作用和走滑拉分盆地研究中.本文回顾了超重力构造物理模拟技术发展历史，论述了超重力构造物理模拟实验原理、仪器设备、实验材料以及监测与分析技术的最新进展，对比了超重力与常规构造物理模拟实验的差异，分析了超重力构造物理模拟技术在伸展、挤压、走滑、盐/岩浆构造等不同构造背景研究的实例，并展望了超重力构造物理模拟技术在油气勘探与深地研究中的应用前景，探讨了未来发展方向.Abstract: Centrifuge analogue modelling is an effective method to reproduce the tectonic deformation process of the crust-lithosphere scale with a multi-layer rheological structure. Due to its important role in investigating deep rheological architectures and their influence on brittle deformation in the upper crust, it has been widely applied to studies of diapirism, fold-and-thrust belts, continental extension, magma-rift interactions, and strike-slip pull-apart basins. In this study, the development history of centrifuge analogue tectonic modeling is summarized, and the modelling principles, apparatus, materials, and recent advances in monitoring and analysis techniques are discussed in detail. Differences between centrifuge and normal gravity analogue modeling experiments are systematically compared. Representative applications of centrifuge analogue modeling under different tectonic settings are analyzed, including extensional, compressional, strike-slip, and salt/magmatic tectonic regimes. Finally, it presents the application prospects of centrifuge analogue modelling in hydrocarbon exploration and deep-earth system research and discuss the future development direction of this technology.
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Key words:
- tectonic analogue modelling /
- centrifuge /
- rheological structure /
- petroleum exploration /
- deep Earth /
- tectonics /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 全球不同实验室开展超重力物理模拟实验使用的离心机设备
a.意大利国家研究委员会‒佛罗伦萨大学构造模拟实验配置的离心机；b. 运行示意（Milazzo et al.，2021；Zou et al.，2024）；c~e.瑞典乌普萨拉大学汉斯·朗伯格构造实验室的离心机及模型设置（Harris and Koyi，2003）；f.加拿大魁北克大学国立科学研究所使用的离心机及内部结构（Godin et al.，2011）；g~h.加拿大冷海洋资源研究中心（C-CORE）的大型土工离心机（Noble and Dixon，2011）
Fig. 1. Centrifuges used for analogue modelling in different laboratories worldwide
图 2 超重力模型的驱动方式
a.抽去单侧垫板（Nikkilä et al.，2015）；b.抽去双侧垫板（Zou et al.，2024），通过离心力驱动韧性层流动变形来实现伸展应力的施加；c.通过离心机内置液压装置施加挤压应力（Mulugeta，1988b）；d~e.通过离心力加速侧边硅胶楔流动来施加挤压应力（Milazzo et al.，2021；Santolaria et al.，2022）
Fig. 2. Driving mechanisms of centrifuge models
图 3 超重力模型的监测技术的发展
a.在模型表面设置网格分析应变（Koyi，1988）；b.垂向设置标记层分析几何变形（Dixon and Summers，1985）；c.湿润冷冻模型后的剖面切片；d. 剖面解释（Corti et al.，2013a）；e. 模型的俯视图摄影；f. 表面三维摄影（Agostini et al.，2009）；基于CT扫描技术的模型剖面切片（g）、平面切片（h）、三维立体建模（i）（Harris et al.，2012b）
Fig. 3. Development of monitoring techniques in centrifuge modelling
图 4 早期较典型的伸展构造超重力模拟实验
a.铲式断层；b.变质核杂岩形成演化过程（Koyi and Skelton，2001）；c.不同类型转换带的裂谷盆地模拟实验结果，在平面断裂特征、岩石圈剖面结构上均有明显差异（Corti，2004），其中UC为上地壳，LC为下地壳，LM为岩石圈地幔，WLC为薄弱下地壳，Φ为转换带处薄弱下地壳的走向
Fig. 4. Representative early centrifuge modelling of continental extension
图 5 伸展构造超重力模拟实验及定量化分析
a~b.碰撞后造山带伸展过程的超重力实验（Nikkilä et al.，2015）；a.展示了活动壁、模型伸展量与模型剖面的演化过程，上地壳（UC）的拉伸量以应变量表示，塑性中地壳（MC）的对应拉伸量以百分比表示，随时间推移，块体边界发生伸展、旋转并形成铲状形态，中地壳（MC）内发育穹窿构造和构造剥露；b.俯视图照片显示上地壳（浅灰色区域）的破裂特征，以及折返剥露的中地壳（深灰色区域）的平面展布范围.c~d.上地壳先存构造影响裂谷断层的超重力物理模拟实验结果（Zou et al.，2024），两个模型的俯视图、断层解释、断层段走向的玫瑰花图与直方图具有显著差异
Fig. 5. Centrifuge models and quantitative analysis of continental extension
图 6 挤压构造超重力模拟的探索性实验
a.弱‒强‒弱地层序列模型的剖面变形及放大图片，弱地层中具有更多且规模更小的褶皱（Dixon and Tirrul，1991）；b.常规重力模拟与超重力模拟的对比，超重力模拟更加强调重力的作用（Mulugeta，1988b）；c.应用大型土工离心机进行的大尺寸褶皱模拟结果（Noble and Dixon，2011）
Fig. 6. Exploratory centrifuge modelling of compressional tectonics
图 7 代表性的挤压构造超重力模拟实验
a.基底‒盖层界面软弱层存在与否对褶皱构造几何样式的影响的超重力模型及；b.CT扫描三维建模结果（Yakymchuk and Godin，2012）；c.基底滑脱层‒逆冲推覆构造的超重力模型，基底滑脱层之上更容易发育叠瓦状构造（Milazzo et al.，2021）；d.楔状盖层逆冲推覆带超重力实验的顶视图、CT扫描剖面及模型表面地形，薄盖层区域易形成数量更多且更紧闭的褶皱，而厚盖层区域主要在逆冲前缘形成叠瓦状构造（Santolaria et al.，2022）
Fig. 7. Representative centrifuge models of compressional tectonics
图 8 岩石圈尺度拉分盆地的超重力物理模拟实验
据Corti and Dooley（2015）.a.模型的顶视图；b.模型的顶视图解释；c，d，e.模型岩石圈不同剖面切片，其中UC为上地壳，LC为下地壳，ULM为岩石圈地幔上部，LLC为岩石圈地幔下部，AST为软流圈
Fig. 8. Centrifuge modelling of lithosphere-scale strike-slip pull-apart basins
图 9 不对称陆缘形成的超重力物理模拟实验
据Corti and Manetti（2006）a.不对称陆缘模型的横切剖面，其中UC为上地壳，LC为下地壳，UM为岩石圈地幔；b.强伸展陆缘区域的放大图，dv为陆架与洋底标志层的垂向距离；c.弱伸展陆缘；d.地壳、地幔及岩石圈的减薄系数1/β与距离的投图，1/β即各圈层初始厚度与最终厚度的比值.1/β数值越小，表明岩石圈减薄程度越高，反之则减薄程度越低
Fig. 9. Centrifuge modelling of asymmetric continental margins
表 1 主要超重力构造物理模拟实验室设备及应用对比
Table 1. Comparison of major centrifuge facilities and their applications in tectonic analogue modelling
实验室 设备类型与参数 技术特点 主要研究对象 参考文献 瑞典乌普萨拉大学HRTL 大功率离心机（约3 000~5 000 rpm） 最早的构造离心机应用，高转速强重力场；支持多层流变结构 裂谷、岩浆-构造耦合、拆离断层、俯冲启动 Harris and Koyi（2003） 意大利佛罗伦萨TOOLab 悬挂吊篮式离心机（PM980R） 可使用离散砂状材料；高分辨率表面监测 裂谷、逆冲楔、拉分盆地 Corti (2012); Zou et al. (2024) 加拿大INRS实验室 高加速度离心机（~1 000 g）+ CT扫描 内部结构三维/四维成像；可视化演化过程 褶皱-逆冲带、滑脱层控制构造 Godin et al.（2011） 中国浙江大学 大型超重力离心平台（ZJU-400） 机载相机、三维扫描和PIV分析；多期复杂动力加载 青藏高原通道流等 Chen et al.（2026） 
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表 2 常规重力构造物理模拟与超重力构造物理模拟实验对比
Table 2. Comparison of centrifuge and normal gravity tectonic analogue modelling experiments
对比方面 常规重力场构造物理模拟 超重力场构造物理模拟 实验原理 正常重力场，g*值为1 超重力场，g*值可达1 000 实验装置 砂箱装置 离心机装置 模型尺寸 模型尺寸更大，构造变形现象更丰富 模型尺寸较小，受限于离心机尺寸 模型材料 使用较弱韧性材料，难以构建复杂流变结构 可以使用强度更大的韧性材料，易于塑造特定的流变结构，岩石圈流变结构建模更容易 边界条件 定量的边界条件控制 更真实的应力‒流变耦合，边界干扰敏感 变形驱动力施加 通过电机等进行驱动，能够实现对速度、方向的精准控制，可以考虑多因素、多期次的影响 通过材料加速流动来实现，难以精准控制变形速度等参数，较难实现多期变形模拟 实验时间 实验的准备和持续时间较长（数天至一周） 实验的准备和持续时间较短（分钟‒天） 实验效果 实验结果与实际地质环境可能存在较大偏差 离心力均匀作用于模型，与地质原型更接近 实验监测 可以详细监测，实现全过程延时摄影，应用粒子图像测速（PIV）或数字图像相关（DIC）技术 可应用的监测方式有限，难以进行延时摄影，在应用DIC、PIV等技术上存在挑战
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表 3 超重力构造物理模拟在不同构造类型中的应用
Table 3. Applications of centrifuge modelling in different tectonic settings
构造环境 常规物理模拟局限性 超重力模拟进展 方法优势 伸展构造 底板拖拽等边界效应影响实验效果 裂谷分段、断层迁移、先存构造控制机制明确 岩石圈尺度、多层流变结构 挤压构造 重力作用弱、流变耦合不足 滑脱层控制、褶皱‒逆冲断层演化、通道流机制 强化重力驱动、结构演化真实 走滑构造 三维结构模拟困难 拉分盆地结构及深浅耦合初步刻画 岩石圈尺度三维模拟潜力 岩浆/盐构造 流动过程难以真实再现 岩浆侵位、盐底辟与构造耦合机制 高效模拟高流动性物质 板块构造问题 难以约束深部动力学 裂解、俯冲启动、陆缘不对称机制 深部动力过程可视化
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