Evolution Characteristics and Geological Significances of Paleo-Bay in Third Member of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Sichuan Basin, SW China
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摘要: 为阐明中三叠统雷口坡组三段（以下简称雷三段）的沉积格局，基于四川盆地450余口钻井和11条野外剖面，通过沉积学、岩石学和测井资料等分析，结合微生物岩、膏盐岩、风暴岩等特殊岩相标志，明确雷三段的海湾相，刻画其展布特征及演化，探讨其地质意义. 结果表明，雷三段沉积期整体呈现“海‒湾‒坪”的格局，自东向西依次为蒸发潮坪相、局限潮坪相、开阔潮坪相和海湾相. 在雷三1亚段沉积期海平面快速上升，海湾边界位于旺苍‒蓬安‒简阳‒成都‒丹棱‒宝兴一线；雷三2亚段沉积期，海平面缓慢下降，海湾边界收缩至立溪岩‒剑阁‒盐亭‒温江‒邛崃‒宝兴一线；雷三3亚段沉积期，发生小规模海侵，海湾边界沿旺苍‒剑阁‒苍溪‒盐亭‒成都‒丹棱‒天全一线. 雷三段沉积期的古海湾是华北板块与上扬子板块“剪刀式”碰撞的响应；构建了一种独特的海湾型碳酸盐岩台地类型，为“短距离共存、窄相带突变”的沉积模式；古海湾形成了岛链（隆）‒海湾斜坡、潮下海湾（凹）‒海湾边缘（隆）‒潟湖（凹）的“两隆两凹”格局，促使“源‒储‒源”的平面毗邻、纵向叠置，形成旁（下）生侧（上）储和自生自储两类高效源储组合模式，推动常‒非一体的勘探进程.Abstract: To clarify the depositional pattern of the third member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation (referred to as Lei-3 Member), this study identifies the paleo-bay facies, delineates its distribution characteristics and evolution, and discusses its geological significances. The research integrates sedimentological, petrological, and well-logging analyses from over 450 boreholes and 11 outcrop sections in the Sichuan Basin, along with distinctive lithofacies indicators such as microbialites, gypsum-salt rocks, and tempestites.It is revealed that the 'ocean-bay-flat' pattern is presented during the period of the Lei-3 Member, with the evaporated tidal flat, restricted tidal flat, open tidal flat, and paleo-bay facies developing sequentially from east to west. The three subfacies of bay margin, subtidal bay and bay slope have been recognized within the paleo-bay, with microbial bank and grain bank microfacies along the bay margin, hydrostatic mudstone and microbial flat microfacies in the subtidal bay and upper slope microfacies in the bay slope.During the period of the first submember of Lei-3 Member (Lei-3-1 submember), the paleo- bay covers a larger area in the rapid transgressive phase, with the bay boundary along Wangcang-Peng'an-Jianyang-Chengdu-Danleng-Baoxing area. Into the period of the Lei-3-2 submember, the bay margin contracts westward into the Lixiyan-Jiange-Yanting-Wenjiang-Qionglai-Baoxing area related to the regression event. But the bay boundary expands along the Jiange-Cangxi-Yanting-Chengdu-Danleng-Tianquan area in the period of the Lei-3-3 submember resulting from a small-scale transgression.The paleo-bay facies of the period of Lei-3 Member could provide certain important evidences for the tectonic evolution process of 'scissor-like' collision between the North China Plate and the Upper Yangtze Plate during the Middle Triassic. It also constitutes such a unique type of carbonate platform never been reported before as the bay-margined platform with a depositional model of 'short-distance coexistence and narrow facies belt variation'. Moreover, the paleogeographic pattern of 'two highs and two lows' such as island chain (high)-bay slope to subtidal bay (low)-bay margin (high)-lagoon (low) occurred under the control of the paleo-bay, which promotes the 'source-reservoir-source' configuration both horizontally and vertically and facilitates the two efficient source-reservoir combination models, i.e. the side/lower-source-and-side/upper-reservoir and self-generating-and-self-storing, thus promoting the exploration process of conventional-non-conventional integration, stimulating the hydrocarbon exploration activities on both the conventional and unconventional resources.
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图 1 四川盆地及周缘雷口坡组构造分布图及雷三段综合柱状图（据Xu et al., 2021; 辛勇光等, 2022）
Fig. 1. Tectonic map and comprehensive stratigraphic column of Lei-3 Member of the Leikoupo Formation in Sichuan Basin and its peripheral areas
图 2 四川盆地雷三段典型沉积构造
a. 马角坝剖面，雷三1亚段，反旋回结构，黄色箭头指示顶面；b. 立溪岩剖面，雷三1亚段，底冲刷面；c. 立溪岩剖面，雷三1亚段，风暴砾屑；d. 立溪岩剖面，雷三1亚段，平行层理；e. 渡口岩剖面，雷三1亚段，7个风暴旋回；f. 渡口岩剖面，雷三1亚段，风暴砾屑；g. 立溪岩剖面，多期滑塌体；h. 立溪岩剖面，滑塌体下部，砾屑白云岩；i. 立溪岩剖面，滑塌体顶部薄层状泥晶白云岩；j. 渡口岩剖面，第一期滑塌体，砾屑向前端粒度变细，角砾灰岩；k. 渡口岩剖面，第二期滑塌体，滑塌方向280°；l. 渡口岩剖面，第二期滑塌体后端，砾屑灰岩；m. 渡口岩剖面，第二期滑塌体前端，含泥砾屑灰岩；n. 渡口岩剖面，第三期滑塌体，出露较小，角砾灰岩；o. 渡口岩剖面，第四期滑塌体，滑塌包卷构造，滑塌楔状体，灰色角砾灰岩
Fig. 2. Typical sedimentary structure plate of Lei-3 Member in Sichuan Basin
图 3 四川盆地雷三段沉积标志与典型岩相图版
a. PZ115井，6 379 m，雷三2亚段，纹层叠层白云岩，×2.5，单偏光；b. SQ1井，3 045 m，雷三2亚段，膏质灰岩，×2.5，单偏光；c. SQ1井，3 052 m，雷三2亚段，盐岩；d. LS1井，6 297 m，雷三2亚段，海绵白云岩，×2.5，单偏光；e. ZY2井，2 253 m，雷三3亚段，泥晶灰岩，×2.5，单偏光；f. Q1井，3 035 m，雷三2亚段，泥质灰岩，×2.5，单偏光；g. QL1井，3 686 m，砂屑白云岩，×2.5，单偏光；h. Z46井，3 091 m，雷三3亚段，鲕粒白云岩，×2.5，单偏光；i. 汉旺剖面，雷三3亚段，凝块石白云岩，×2.5，单偏光
Fig. 3. Sedimentary indicators and typical lithofacies plate of Lei-3 Member in Sichuan Basin
图 4 四川盆地雷三段沉积相连井剖面图
Fig. 4. Cross section diagram of depositional facies of Lei-3 Member in Sichuan Basin
图 5 四川盆地雷三1~3亚段泥质、灰质、膏质和白云质矿物含量单因素图
Fig. 5. Contour maps of the single factors such as argillaceous, limy, gypsum and dolomite contents of Lei-3-1 to Lei-3-3 submembers in Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地雷三1-3亚段“海‒湾‒坪”沉积相展布图
Fig. 6. "Ocean-bay-flat" depositional facies distribution diagram of Lei-3-1 to Lei-3-3 submembers in the Sichuan Basin
图 7 四川盆地中三叠统雷三段沉积模式示意图
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of depositional model of the Middle Triassic Lei‒3 Member in Sichuan Basin
图 8 四川盆地雷三段古海湾平面展布及剖面源储模式配置
Fig. 8. Planar distribution diagram of paleo-bay and cross section of source-reservoir assemblage model of Lei-3 Member in Sichuan Basin
表 1 四川盆地雷三段沉积相划分
Table 1. Division scheme of depositional facies of the Lei-3 Member in the Sichuan Basin
相 亚相 微相 相标志 发育亚段 蒸发潮坪 蒸发潟湖 膏盐潟湖 厚层膏盐岩、盐岩 雷三2 潮上带 膏云坪/云膏坪 膏岩夹少量白云岩或膏质云岩互层 雷三2 局限潮坪 局限潟湖 潟湖边缘滩 砂屑白云岩、鲕粒白云岩/灰岩 雷三3 膏灰质潟湖 厚层状膏质灰岩或膏岩与灰岩互层 雷三2 灰质潟湖 厚层状泥晶灰岩、含泥灰岩 雷三3 泥灰质潟湖 泥质灰岩、含泥灰岩 雷三2 潮间带 微生物坪 叠层石白云岩 雷三3 云坪 泥晶白云岩 雷三2 灰云坪 灰质白云岩 雷三1 开阔潮坪 潮下带 云灰坪 白云质灰岩 雷三1 灰坪 泥晶灰岩、泥晶生屑灰岩、含泥灰岩 雷三1 泥灰坪 泥质灰岩、含泥灰岩 雷三1 海湾 海湾边缘 颗粒滩 厚层状残余砂屑/砾屑/鲕粒白云岩 雷三1 微生物滩 凝块石、凝块‒叠层石 雷三3 潮下海湾 钙质海绵礁 钙质海绵白云岩 雷三2 微生物坪 凝块石白云岩、纹层叠层白云岩 雷三3 静水泥 泥质灰岩、泥质白云岩、云质灰岩 雷三2 海湾斜坡 上斜坡 滑塌堆积、斜坡角砾、风暴岩 雷三1 
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