Main Cntrolling Factors of Gas Enrichment in Thin Coal Seams and Evaluation of Favorable Zones in Yichuan Area of Ordos Basin
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地东南部宜川地区煤岩发育稳定，但煤层厚度较盆地主体薄.薄煤岩地质特征及富集规律认识不足，制约了规模化勘探与开发.针对本溪组8#煤和山西组5#煤，利用取心、测井、实验测试等手段，开展薄煤岩地质特征及富集主控因素研究.研究表明：（1）8#煤、5#煤成熟度高于盆地主体，为过成熟高阶煤，镜质组含量高，生气能力强.以微孔为主，割理十分发育.（2）8#煤发育于潮坪-潟湖环境，煤层连续性好、发育稳定；5#煤形成于三角洲前缘-滨海过渡相环境，受沉积旋回与砂体叠置影响，煤层厚度整体减薄.（3）煤岩含气量高于盆地主体，8#煤平均含气量为28.8 m3/t，5#煤平均含气量为28.0 m3/t，气体以吸附态为主，游离气占比约22%.（4）在地质和工程等参数约束下，建立了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类有利区评价标准，其中8#煤以Ⅱ类有利区为主，5#煤以Ⅲ类有利区为主.试采实践表明，在高煤阶、高含气量条件下，通过水平井与体积压裂技术，薄煤岩亦可实现高产稳产，试验水平井井均日产气量可达2×104 m3以上.研究成果表明，煤层厚度并非煤岩气开发的决定性约束因素，宜川地区薄层煤岩具备规模开发潜力，为鄂尔多斯盆地及类似地区煤岩气勘探提供了重要借鉴.Abstract: Coal seams are laterally stable in the Yichuan area, but generally thinner than those in the main body of the Ordos basin. However, the gas enrichment mechanisms and the geological characteristics of these thin seams are still to be fully elucidated, thereby constraining large-scale development. To bridge this gap, this study integrates core, well log, and laboratory data from the Benxi Formation No.8 coal seam and the Shanxi Formation No.5 coal seam to systematically evaluate the geological characteristics and primary controls on gas accumulation in these atypical thin seams. The results reveal follows. (1) The No.8 and No.5 coal seams exhibit elevated higher thermal maturity than those in the main basin, representing over-mature, high-rank coals with high vitrinite content and robust gas generation potential. The pore system is dominated by micropores, and cleats are highly developed. (2) The No.8 seam deposited in a tidal flat-lagoon environment, displays good continuity and stable thickness. In contrast, the No.5 coal seam formed in a delta front-coastal transitional environment, where its overall thickness is reduced due to the influence of sedimentary cycles and sandbody stacking. (3) The gas content of these coals is higher than the main basin. The average gas contents of the No.8 and No. 5 coal seams are 28.8 m3/t and 28.0 m3/t, respectively. The gas exists primarily in an adsorbed state, with free gas accounting for approximately 22%. (4) Based on geological and engineering parameters, evaluation criteria for Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ favorable areas were established. The No.8 coal seam is dominated by Class Ⅱ favorable area, whereas the No.5 coal seam is predominantly characterized by Class Ⅲ favorable area. Pilot production practices demonstrate that under conditions of high coal rank and high gas content, thin coal seams can also achieve high and stable yields through the application of horizontal drilling and stimulated reservoir volume fracturing technologies. The average daily gas production of the pilot horizontal wells exceeds 2×104 m3. These findings demonstrate that coal seam thickness is not the determining constraint for coal seam gas development. The thin coal seams in the Yichuan area possess significant potential for large-scale development, providing an important reference for coal seam gas exploration in the Ordos basin and other analogous regions.
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Key words:
- coal /
- coal-rock gas /
- reservoirs /
- evaluation of favorable zone /
- Yichuan area /
- Ordos basin
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图 1 研究区构造位置和上古生界地层特征
Fig. 1. Structural position and Upper Paleozoic strata characteristics of the study area
图 2 宜川地区煤岩岩心照片
a.Y23-56X8井，2 345.0 m，山西组5#煤，光亮煤，原生结构；b.Y23-56X8井，2 346.0 m，山西组5#煤，光亮煤，原生结构；c.Y23-56X6井，2 245.3 m，山西组5#煤，半亮煤，原生结构；d.Y23-56X7井，2 296.5 m，本溪组8#煤，半亮煤，原生结构；e.Y116-1井，2 253.6 m，本溪组8#煤，半暗煤，原生结构，割理发育，充填有方解石；f.Y23-56X6井，2 287.0 m，本溪组8#煤，光亮煤，原生结构
Fig. 2. Photographs of coal cores in the Yichuan area
图 3 宜川地区煤岩储层微观特征
a.YQ1井，1 976.1 m，本溪组8#煤，有机质孔发育，部分被黏土矿物充填；b.Y23-56X6井，2 285.83 m，本溪组8#煤，组织孔集群分布，气孔孤立状分布；c.YQ19井，2 257.32 m，本溪组8#煤，微裂缝发育；d.Y23-56X6井，2 246.0 m，山西组5#煤，有机质孔发育，充填高岭石等黏土矿物；e.Y23-56X6井，2 241.8 m，山西组5#煤，微裂缝被黏土矿物充填，残余有机质边缘缝；f.Y23-56X6井，2 243.2 m，山西组5#煤，有机质孔与微裂缝连通
Fig. 3. Microscopic reservoir characteristics of coal rocks in the Yichuan area
图 4 宜川地区煤岩TPI-GI煤相图（据邵龙义等, 2026, 有修改）
Fig. 4. Coal facies diagram of TPI-GI for coal rocks in Yichuan area (modified from Shao et al., 2020)
图 5 宜川地区本溪组8#煤（a）与山西组5#煤（b）煤相分布
Fig. 5. Distribution of coal facies of the No.8 coal seam in the Benxi Formation (a) and the No.5 coal seam in the Shanxi Formation (b) in the Yichuan area
图 7 宜川地区本溪组8#煤（a）与山西组5#煤（b）厚度等值线
Fig. 7. Isopach maps of the No.8 coal seam in the Benxi Formation (a) and the No.5 coal seam in the Shanxi Formation (b) in the Yichuan area
图 8 宜川地区本溪组8#煤（a）与山西组5#煤（b）含气量等值线
Fig. 8. Gas content contour maps of the No.8 coal seam in the Benxi Formation (a) and the No.5 coal seam in the Shanxi Formation (b) in the Yichuan area
图 9 宜川地区煤岩顶底板不同岩性组合
Fig. 9. Different lithological combinations of the roof and floor of coal seams in the Yichuan area
图 10 宜川地区本溪组8#煤（a）与山西组5#煤（b）有利区分布
Fig. 10. Distribution of favorable zones for the No.8 coal seam in the Benxi Formation (a) and the No.5 coal seam in the Shanxi Formation (b) in the Yichuan area
图 11 A井组直/定向井生产曲线
Fig. 11. Production curves of vertical/directional wells in Well Pad A
表 1 宜川地区煤岩工业组分数据
Table 1. Proximate analysis of coals in the Yichuan area
工业组分 本溪组8#煤 山西组5#煤 固定碳 67.37%~85.37%，平均值为76.36% 71.36%~84.20%，平均值为77.61% 灰分 6.95%~23.20%，平均值为14.69% 7.01%~19.66%，平均值为13.20% 水分 0.58%~1.65%，平均值为0.91% 0.73%~1.84%，平均值为1.19% 挥发分 6.67%~12.02%，平均值为8.07% 7.04%~8.53%，平均值为8.01% 
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表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地宜川地区不同岩性测井识别标准
Table 2. Logging identification criteria for different lithologies in the Yichuan area, Ordos basin
岩性 DEN（g/cm3） GR（API） RT（Ω·m） CNL（P.U.） AC（μs/m） 煤岩 1.20~1.70 20~120 400~100 000 35~55 330~500 灰岩 2.60~2.75 20~80 2 000~70 000 0~7 150~200 砂岩 2.40~2.70 50~120 20~400 7~20 190~250 泥岩 2.55~2.71 130.0~200 10~200 12~32 210~240
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表 3 宜川地区煤岩实测含气量与测井计算含气量对比表
Table 3. Comparison between measured gas content and logging-calculated gas content of coal rocks in the Yichuan area
样品号 实测含气量(m3/t) 计算含气量(m3/t) 模型绝对误差(m3/t) 模型相对误差 Y76-2-1 34.27 34.10 ‒0.17 ‒0.5 Y164-1-1 29.38 27.58 ‒1.80 ‒6.1 Y167-1-1 26.1 26.44 0.34 1.3 Y167-1-2 23.90 24.51 0.61 2.6 Y76-1-1 28.15 30.58 2.43 8.6 Y56-3-1 30.33 31.77 1.44 4.7 Y56-3-2 24.59 23.21 ‒1.38 ‒5.6 Y56-3-3 30.56 31.80 1.24 4.1 Y23-1-1 35.10 35.89 0.79 2.3 Y23-1-2 29.16 28.44 ‒0.72 ‒2.5
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表 4 宜川地区煤岩气有利区优选地质参数
Table 4. Geological parameters for optimal selection of favorable zones for coal-rock gas in the Ordos basin
地质评价参数 Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 资源丰度（亿方/km2） ≥2.0 1.5~2.0 < 1.5 煤岩净厚度（m） ≥7 5~7 < 5 平均含气量（方/t） ≥22 19~22 < 19 构造条件 地层平缓带，地层倾角小于3° 地层平缓，局部发育微幅构造 构造陡坡带，地层倾角大于3° 水平两向应力差（MPa） ≤4 4~5 > 5 煤层与顶底板应力差（MPa） ≥6 6~7 < 7
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