Multi-Scale and Multi-Type Hydrocarbon Occurrence Mechanism in Continental Shale Strata Reservoirs Based on Source-Reservoir Configuration
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摘要: 陆相页岩层系石油储层中烃类赋存机制复杂，烃类赋存及其与多尺度、多类型储集空间的配置关系是制约甜点预测与高效开发的关键科学问题. 选取鄂尔多斯盆地长7段与渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段两类典型陆相页岩层系石油富集区，综合运用岩石学分析、微观结构表征、有机地球化学分析及流体状态测试等研究手段，系统揭示了不同源储配置模式下烃类的赋存机制及其与储集空间的耦合关系. 研究发现：（1）在鄂尔多斯盆地长71+2亚段“源储分离”型夹层砂岩储层中，烃类主要“游离”赋存于微米级的无机孔隙中，富集总量由储层孔隙度决定.（2）在渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段“源储共生”型混积页岩储层中，烃类主要赋存于纳‒微米级的有机‒无机复合孔隙系统，烃类常以“吸附”形式赋存于运移沥青二次热解形成的次生有机孔内，富集程度主要受有机质热成熟度调控.（3）在鄂尔多斯盆地长73亚段“源储一体”型富有机质页岩储层中，页岩干酪根内存在烃类“溶胀”赋存机制，富集规模主要受总有机碳含量（TOC）控制.（4）在页岩层系石油“生‒排‒运‒聚”过程中，从烃源岩核心到外围储层，烃类赋存形式遵循“溶胀‒吸附‒游离”的垂向连续分布序列，储集空间由纳米级有机孔向微米级无机孔系统演变，构成一个从“原位滞留”到“规模运移”、从“纳米束缚”到“微米可动”的完整地质过程. 陆相页岩层系烃类赋存机制的阶段认识为不同类型储层的勘探目标优选与开发方案设计提供了科学依据.Abstract: The hydrocarbon occurrence mechanisms in continental shale strata oil reservoirs are highly complex, and the spatial configuration relationship between hydrocarbons and multi-scale, multi-type storage spaces constitutes a key scientific challenge that constrains sweet-spot prediction and efficient development. This study focuses on two representative lacustrine shale oil enrichment intervals: the Chang 7 Member in the Ordos Basin and the Kong 2 Member of the Cangdong Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin. By integrating petrological analysis, microstructural characterization, organic geochemical analysis, and fluid state testing, it systematically investigates hydrocarbon occurrence states and their coupling relationships with storage spaces under different source-reservoir configurations. The main findings are as follows. (1) In the "source-reservoir separated" interbedded sandstone reservoirs of Chang 71+2 Submember in Ordos Basin, hydrocarbons mainly exist in a "free state" in micrometer-sized inorganic pores, and the total enrichment is determined by the reservoir porosity. (2) In the "source-reservoir coexisting" mixed sedimentary shale reservoirs of Kong 2 Member in Bohai Bay Basin, hydrocarbons are mainly present in nano-micrometer-sized organic-inorganic composite pore systems, and hydrocarbons often exist in an "adsorbed state" in secondary organic pores formed by the secondary thermal cracking of migrated bitumen, and the enrichment degree is mainly controlled by the thermal maturity of organic matter. (3) In the "source-reservoir integrated" organic-rich shale reservoirs of Chang 73 Submember in Ordos Basin, there is a "swelling state" hydrocarbon occurrence mechanism within the shale kerogen, and the enrichment scale is mainly controlled by the total organic carbon content (TOC). (4) Throughout the "generation-expulsion-retention" process of shale oil, hydrocarbon occurrence evolves vertically from the core of source rocks outward into adjacent reservoirs following a continuous sequence: swollen-adsorbed-free-phase. Concurrently, the pore system transitions from nanometer-scale organic pores to micron-scale inorganic pores, forming a comprehensive geological process that spans from "in-situ retention" to "bulk migration" and from "nano-confinement" to "micro-scale mobility". The progressive understanding of hydrocarbon occurrence mechanisms in continental shale formations has provided a scientific basis for prioritizing exploration targets and designing development schemes across different reservoir types.
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段与渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段区域地质背景与地层剖面
Fig. 1. Regional geological setting and stratigraphic sections of the Chang 7 Member in the Ordos Basin and the Kong 2 Member in the Cangdong Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin
图 2 源储分离型页岩层系石油储层的储集空间与烃类赋存特征
a.含油细砂岩岩心图像；b.无机粒间孔扫描电镜图像；c.细砂岩储层孔喉直径分布；d.无机矿物粒间孔内残余油；e.粒间孔内残余烃的激光拉曼荧光响应；f.含油细砂岩的核磁共振T1‒T2信号谱图
Fig. 2. Characteristics of storage space and hydrocarbon occurrence in shale strata oil reservoirs of source-reservoir separated type
图 3 源储共生型页岩储层中烃类赋存空间特征
a1、b1、c1.洗油前页岩储层表面微观形貌；a2、b2、c2.洗油后页岩储层显露出次生有机孔（烃类赋存空间）；a3、b3、c3.洗油前后孔径分布曲线对比；a4、b4、c4.含油孔隙孔径分布曲线
Fig. 3. Characteristics of hydrocarbon occurrence space in shale oil reservoirs of source-reservoir coexisting type
图 4 不同埋深（热成熟度）页岩样品中烃类抽提效果以及石油产量
a.运移沥青向可溶烃转化程度低，几乎无烃类未被抽提，样品埋深3 856.19 m；b.运移沥青向可溶烃转化程度中等，部分烃类被抽提，样品埋深3 878.80 m；c.运移沥青向可溶烃转化程度高，几乎全部烃类被抽提，样品埋深4 137.78 m；d.沧东凹陷孔二段直井试油产量与埋藏深度关系（据赵贤正等，2019）
Fig. 4. The extraction effect of hydrocarbons and oil yield in shale samples with different burial depths (thermal maturity)
图 5 源储一体型富有机质页岩中干酪根内的烃类赋存机制
a.洗油前干酪根表面均质饱满，LY10井1 723.8 m；b.洗油后新增顺层微裂缝，LY10井1 723.8 m；c.“无机纹层”包裹“有机纹层”叠置互层，LY10井1 723.8 m；d.洗油前干酪根表面均质饱满，LY10井1 727.1 m；e.洗油后新增网状微裂缝，LY10井1 727.1 m；f.“有机纹层”包裹“无机纹层”叠置互层，LY10井1 727.1 m；g.干酪根内网状微裂缝形貌图；h.干酪根内网状微裂缝二值化图像；i.页岩型页岩油储层样品核磁共振T1-T2信号图
Fig. 5. The mechanism of hydrocarbon occurrence within kerogen in organic-rich shales of source-reservoir integrated type
图 6 源储一体型页岩油储层样品中烃类赋存空间的孔径分布与赋存烃类组分
a1、b1、c1.洗油前后微孔孔隙体积分布曲线对比，基于洗油前后低温CO2吸附实验；a2、b2、c2.洗油前后介孔‒宏孔孔隙体积分布曲线对比，基于洗油前后低温N2吸附实验；a3、b3、c3.洗油前后联孔孔隙体积分布曲线对比；a4、b4、c4.TOC、氯仿沥青A与烃类族组成特征
Fig. 6. The pore size distribution of hydrocarbon-bearing pore spaces and the hydrocarbon components in shale oil reservoir samples of source-reservoir integrated type
图 7 不同尺度含油孔隙体积与TOC、含油性及烃类组分相关性
洗油前后低温CO2吸附实验数据与有机地化实验数据相关性分析：a.含油微孔体积与TOC相关性；b.含油微孔体积与含油量相关性；c~f.含油微孔体积与烃类族组成相关性. 洗油前后低温N2吸附实验数据与有机地化实验数据相关性分析：g.含油介‒宏孔体积与TOC相关性；h.含油介‒宏孔体积与含油量相关性；i~l.含油介‒宏孔体积与烃类族组成相关性
Fig. 7. Correlation analysis of oil-bearing pore volume at different scales with TOC, hydrocarbon contents and components
图 8 陆相页岩层系石油储层中烃类赋存机制及其垂向分布模式
Fig. 8. The hydrocarbon occurrence mechanism and vertical distribution pattern in petroleum reservoirs of continental shale strata
表 1 研究样品的地质背景、矿物组成及有机质含量
Table 1. Geological background, mineral composition, and organic matter content of samples
地区层段 井号埋深
(m)岩性 TOC
(%)石英
(%)钾长石
(%)斜长石(%) 方解石(%) 白云石(%) 铁白云石
(%)黄铁矿
(%)黏土矿物(%) 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段 LY10-1690.6 细砂岩 0.76 34.3 4.6 18.0 1.0 16.4 15.8 / 9.9 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段 LY10-1723.8 富有机质页岩 17.83 38.6 1.6 3.3 / 4.7 / 28.0 23.8 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段 LY10-1727.1 富有机质页岩 38.48 22.0 1.8 3.3 / / / 53.9 19.0 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段 C30-1967.4 富有机质页岩 24.81 42.4 / 4.2 6.0 / / 33.2 14.3 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段 YY1-2658.4 富有机质页岩 31.18 33.0 4.0 11.1 4.0 / / 23.9 24.0 渤海湾盆地孔二段 GD14-4085.95 混合质页岩 2.93 9 / 37 16 / 19 / 19 渤海湾盆地孔二段 GD14-4117.26 混合质页岩 2.7 12 / 26 7 / 42 / 13 渤海湾盆地孔二段 GD14-4142.81 混合质页岩 6.53 6 / 42 3 / 44 / 5 渤海湾盆地孔二段 GD12-3856.19 长英质页岩 4.74 10 / 63 4 / 13 / 10 渤海湾盆地孔二段 GD12-3878.8 长英质页岩 3.76 5 / 63 7 / 7 / 18 渤海湾盆地孔二段 GD14-4137.78 长英质页岩 4.74 11 / 45 4 / 36 / 4 
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