Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Upper Paleozoic Coal-bearing Source Rocks and Mechanisms of Buried-Hill Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Huanghua Depression
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摘要: 黄骅坳陷古生界石炭‒二叠系煤系烃源岩是潜山内幕油气藏的主要物质基础，但不同层段生烃差异及其对成藏模式的控制作用尚不明确.以晚古生界煤系地层为研究对象，综合煤岩显微组分与有机地球化学分析，系统对比太原组与山西组生烃特征，并结合典型潜山解剖与成藏过程分析，探讨油气富集机理与成藏模式.结果表明：两套煤系烃源岩有机质丰度高，均为好‒优质烃源岩；显微组分以镜质组为主，干酪根类型主体为Ⅱ2型.相比之下，太原组镜质组与壳质组含量更高，是研究区优势供烃层段；生烃演化整体表现为“早油晚气”特征，即先生成原油、后生成天然气，研究区油气成藏经历早白垩世初次充注、晚白垩世破坏、古近纪再成藏及新近纪以来叠加充注的多期演化过程.油气来源具有多源和多期的特征，表现为煤系气与古近系油的复合供烃格局.古近纪以来，歧北‒埕海及乌马营‒王官屯地区二次生气强度较高，是潜山内幕晚期天然气充注的重要物质基础.在此基础上，建立了双源晚期成藏、单源晚期成藏、单源两期成藏、双源分期成藏及双源复合成藏五类模式.黄骅坳陷潜山内幕油气差异富集受源岩质量、生烃强度、复合输导体系及构造活动耦合控制，其中断裂活动期与有效生排烃期的匹配是多期成藏的关键.研究成果为煤系油气成藏机制认识及有利区评价提供了地质依据.Abstract: The Carboniferous-Permian coaly source rocks of the Upper Paleozoic in the Huanghua Depression constitute the principal material basis for hydrocarbon accumulation within buried-hill reservoirs. However, stratigraphic differences in hydrocarbon generation and their control on accumulation patterns remain poorly constrained. Focusing on the Late Paleozoic coal-bearing strata, this study integrates coal maceral analysis, organic geochemistry, and typical buried-hill reservoir dissection to systematically compare the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations. Combined with typical buried-hill reservoir dissection and accumulation process reconstruction, the mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment and reservoir formation models are clarified.Results indicate that both formations exhibit high organic matter abundance and are classified as good to excellent source rocks. Vitrinite is the dominant maceral, and kerogen is primarily type Ⅱ2. The Taiyuan Formation contains relatively higher proportions of vitrinite and exinite, making it the dominant hydrocarbon-supplying interval in the study area. Hydrocarbon evolution is characterized by an "early oil-late gas"pattern, namely oil generation first and gas generation later. Reservoir formation experienced multiple stages, including initial charging in the Early Cretaceous, partial destruction in the Late Cretaceous, re-accumulation in the Paleogene, and superimposed charging since the Neogene. Hydrocarbon sourcing shows clear differentiation, forming a composite supply system of coal-derived gas and Paleogene oil.Since the Paleogene, the Qibei-Chenghai and Wumaying-Wangguantun areas have developed high secondary gas-generation intensity, which provided an important material basis for late-stage gas charging in buried hills.Five accumulation models are established: (1) dual-source late-stage accumulation; (2) single-source late-stage accumulation; (3) single-source two-stage accumulation; (4) dual-source staged accumulation; and (5) dual-source composite accumulation.Differential enrichment of hydrocarbons within buried hills is jointly controlled by source rock quality, hydrocarbon generation intensity, composite migration systems, and tectonic activities, among which the matching relationship between fault activity and effective hydrocarbon supply is the key to multi-stage accumulation. These results provide a geological basis for understanding coal-related hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms and for favorable zone evaluation.
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图 1 黄骅坳陷区域构造位置及综合柱状图（据刘海涛等，2022）
Fig. 1. Regional tectonic setting and composite stratigraphic column of the Huanghua Depression (modified from Liu et al.(2022))
图 2 黄骅坳陷煤系烃源岩有机碳含量分布
a.暗色泥岩，样品数141个；b.炭质泥岩，样品数47个
Fig. 2. Distribution of organic carbon content in coal-bearing source rocks of the Huanghua Depression
图 3 黄骅坳陷石炭‒二叠系煤系烃源岩HI与Tmax关系
a.暗色泥岩（N=141）；b.炭质泥岩（N=47）；c.煤（N=90）
Fig. 3. Cross plots of HI versus Tmax for Carboniferous-Permian coal-bearing source rocks in the Huanghua Depression
图 4 黄骅坳陷石炭‒二叠系烃源岩Ro与深度关系
Fig. 4. Relationship between vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and burial depth for Carboniferous-Permian source rocks in the Huanghua Depression
图 5 黄骅坳陷上古生界煤岩典型显微组分照片
a. 丝质体，S1井；b. 半丝质体，CH2井；c. 均质镜质体，CH2井；d. 碎屑惰质组，BDG5井；e. 孢子体，CH2井；f. 角质体，S1井；g. 角质体，S1井；h. 树脂体，CH2井
Fig. 5. Photomicrographs of representative macerals in Upper Paleozoic coals from the Huanghua Depression
图 6 黄骅坳陷上古生界煤系烃源岩古近纪以来二次生气强度分布
Fig. 6. Distribution of secondary gas generation intensity of the Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing source rocks in the Huanghua Depression since the Paleogene
图 7 WW3井埋藏史‒热史‒生烃演化
Fig. 7. Burial history, thermal history, and hydrocarbon generation evolution of Well WW3
图 8 王官屯潜山二叠系储层包裹体照片
Fig. 8. Photomicrographs of fluid inclusions in Permian reservoirs of the Wangguantun buried hill
图 9 黄骅坳陷王官屯地区油气藏原油荧光特征及成藏期次
Fig. 9. Fluorescence characteristics of crude oil and reservoir charging stages in the Wangguantun area, Huanghua Depression
图 10 黄骅坳陷王官屯地区潜山天然气成因及气源判识
Fig. 10. Natural gas genesis and source identification in buried hills of the Wangguantun area, Huanghua Depression
图 11 王官屯潜山成藏演化剖面
Fig. 11. Reservoir accumulation evolution profile of the Wangguantun buried-hill
图 12 黄骅坳陷潜山内幕油气藏模式
Fig. 12. Hydrocarbon accumulation models of buried-hill reservoirs in the Huanghua Depression
表 1 黄骅坳陷煤系烃源岩显微组分
Table 1. Maceral compositions of coal-bearing source rocks in the Huanghua Depression
层位 井号 深度（m） 显微组分相对含量（%） 镜质组 惰质组 壳质组 山西组 CH2 1 598.5 93.85（1） 5.39（1） 0.56（1） BDG5 2 184.42 93.77（1） 5.45（1） 0.78（1） S1 2 288.94~2 290.3 91.03~95.46（2） 3.92~8.34（2） 0.62~0.63（2） GG1501 2 417.55 93.33（1） 1.96（1） 4.71（1） GG16102 1 969.5~1 984.46 87.6~95.5（3） 1.6~4.8（3） 2.9~8.7（3） GT1H 3 650 81.9（1） 15（1） 3.1（1） Z1502 2 636 80.8（1） 11.3（1） 8（1） QG101 3 584~3 659 90.09~92.78（4） 1.38~8.97（4） 0.74~7.53（4） 太原组 CH2 1 690 94.85（1） 3.85（1） 1.3（1） BDG5 2 224.5 94.87（1） 4.1（1） 1.03（1） S1 2 291.6~2 292.9 97.71~99.25（2） 1.06~1.94（2） 0.65~1.23（2） GG1501 2 450.6~2 566.05 83.9~92.2（3） 1.3~16.1（3） 0~6.5（3） GG16102 2 198.35~2 201.15 88.4~92.7（3） 2.8~5.1（3） 2.2~8.8（3） GT1H 3 710~3 711 86.6~94.6（2） 2.1~8.2（2） 3.3~5.2（2） Z1502 2 654~2 684 88.1~96.6（1） 0.2~9.9（1） 2.1~3.2（1） QG101 3 685~3 701 93.07~95.91（3） 1.59~2.37（3） 2.27~5.34（3） 注：括号里为样品观察个数. 
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