Deep-Time Coal-Forming Evolution and Perspectives on Coal-Forming Environment Analysis
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摘要: 成煤环境分析是认识煤系沉积过程、恢复古环境演化和深化煤地质学理论的重要基础.系统梳理了深时成煤环境演化特征、泥炭沼泽分布及动态变化，总结了基于显微组分、显微煤岩类型、矿物-元素地球化学和生物标志物等传统成煤环境分析方法，并讨论其适用性.结果表明，深时成煤环境演化受植物演替、气候变化和沉积体系调整共同控制，不同时代成煤植物、泥炭沼泽类型及沉积背景存在明显差异；泥炭沼泽广泛发育于三角洲平原、潮坪-潟湖、河流-湖泊及冲积平原等环境，其形成和保存受供水方式、水位状态、碎屑输入及海水影响等因素共同制约.传统煤相指标在成煤环境分析中具有重要作用，但其环境意义易受植被组成、分解作用、水位波动、外源输入及成岩-煤化改造等因素影响.成煤环境分析应更加重视沉积过程约束，强化对供水方式、水位状态、碎屑输入和保存条件等主控因素的综合识别.在已有成煤环境分类认识基础上，进一步归纳了低位、中位和高位泥炭沼泽的沉积过程特征及综合判识思路.鄂尔多斯盆地实例表明，该思路有助于揭示煤层形成环境的垂向演化规律，可为成煤环境恢复和煤系沉积研究提供参考.Abstract: Coal-forming environment analysis is an important basis for understanding coal-measure sedimentary processes, reconstructing paleoenvironmental evolution, and advancing coal geology theory. This paper systematically reviews the evolutionary characteristics of coal-forming environments through geologic time, the distribution and dynamic evolution of peat swamps, and traditional analytical methods for coal-forming environments based on macerals, microlithotypes, mineral-element geochemistry, and biomarkers, and discusses their applicability. The results show that the evolution of coal-forming environments through geologic time was jointly controlled by plant succession, climate change, and adjustments in sedimentary systems, resulting in marked differences in coal-forming plants, peat swamp types, and depositional settings in different periods. Peat swamps are widely developed in delta plains, tidal flat-lagoon systems, fluvial-lacustrine settings, and alluvial plains, and their formation and preservation are jointly constrained by water supply pattern, water-table condition, clastic input, and marine influence. Traditional coal-facies indices play an important role in coal-forming environment analysis, but their environmental significance is readily affected by vegetation composition, decomposition, water-table fluctuations, allochthonous input, and diagenetic-coalification modification. On this basis, it is suggested that coal-forming environment analysis should place greater emphasis on depositional-process constraints and strengthen the integrated identification of key controlling factors such as water supply pattern, water-table condition, clastic input, and preservation conditions. It is further proposed that coal-forming peat swamps can be simplified into three types: low moor mire, transitional mire, and high moor mire. A case study from the Ordos Basin shows that this approach is helpful for revealing the vertical evolutionary pattern of coal-forming environments and can provide a reference for coal-forming environment reconstruction and coal-measure sedimentary research.
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Key words:
- coal-forming environment /
- coal facies /
- peat swamp /
- depositional process /
- Ordos Basin
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图 1 深时成煤环境演化及其植物背景（改自Greb et al., 2006, 2022）
Fig. 1. Evolution of deep-time coal-forming environments and vegetation background (modified after Greb et al., 2006, 2022)
图 2 早期植被和沼泽环境演变（改自Greb et al., 2006, 2022）
Fig. 2. The evolution of early vegetation and peatland environments (modified after Greb et al., 2006, 2022)
图 3 不同沉积背景下泥炭沼泽分布
Fig. 3. Distribution of peat swamps in different depositional environments
图 4 海侵、海退体系对成煤沼泽的影响（岩性柱子参考李勇等, 2024）
Fig. 4. Effects of marine transgression and regression systems on coal-forming swamps (lithological column modified after Li et al., 2024)
图 5 海侵-海退过程中泥炭沼泽迁移及保存模式（改自Poumot, 1989; Demchuck et al., 2004）
Fig. 5. Migration and preservation models of peat swamps during marine transgression and regression (revised from Poumot, 1989; Demchuck et al., 2004)
图 8 TPI-GI图解和VI-GWI图解
a. 据Diessel，1992；b. 据Calder et al.，1991
Fig. 8. TPI-GI diagram and VI-GWI diagram
图 9 显微组分、显微煤岩类型与宏观煤岩成分含量关系对比
Fig. 9. Comparison of maceral composition, microlithotypes and macroscopic coal lithotype contents
图 10 显微煤岩类型三角图
a. 基于三大显微组分组的显微煤岩类型（组）分类三角图（据Lester et al.，2003）；b. 基于相对带宽曲线划分的显微煤岩类型相三角图（据Hunt，1982）；c. 煤层显微煤岩组分组的四组分泥炭相图（据Marchioni，1980）
Fig. 10. Microlithotype ternary diagram
图 12 鄂尔多斯盆地东北部成煤沼泽垂向演化趋势
Fig. 12. Vertical evolutionary trend of coal-forming swamps in the northeastern Ordos Basin
图 13 成煤环境分析认识及发展趋势
Fig. 13. Insights and future trends of coal-forming environment research
表 1 主要煤相指标及其对沉积环境指示意义
Table 1. Main coal facies indicators and their implications for depositional environments
煤相指标 反映特征 指标范围 文献 结构保存指数(TPI) （结构镜质体+丝质体+半丝质体）/（碎屑镜质体+碎屑惰质体+无结构镜质体+粗粒体） TPI越高指示植物组织保存越好或成煤植物以木本为主 Diessel, 1992 凝胶化指数(GI) （镜质体+粗粒体）/（丝质体+半丝质体+碎屑惰质体） GI＞2：覆水深；GI≤2：覆水浅 Diessel, 1992 地下水指数(GWI) (凝胶化镜质体+团块镜质体+矿物质)/(结构镜质体1+无结构镜质体+碎屑镜质体) GWI越高，水动力越强 Calder et al., 1991 植被指数(VI) （结构镜质体1+无结构镜质体+丝质体+半丝质体+木栓质体+树脂体）/（碎屑镜质体+碎屑惰质体+藻类体+碎屑壳质体+孢子体+角质体） VI＜1：草本植物或水生植物；VI≥1：木本植物 Calder et al., 1991 搬运指数(TI) (壳屑体+镜屑体+惰屑体+团块镜质体+树脂体+孢子体+角质体) / (丝质体+结构镜质体+基质镜质体+粗粒体) TI值越大，水动力条件越强、搬运作用越显著 马兴祥, 1988 氧化指数(OI) (粗粒体+惰屑体)/其他有机显微组分 OI＞1为氧化环境，OI＜1为还原环境 马兴祥, 1988 沼泽类型指数（STI） （微壳煤+微亮煤+微暗煤+微惰屑煤+微粗粒煤+微三合煤+原煤灰分）/（微镜煤+微丝煤+微半丝煤） 停滞沼泽（STI＜0.1）、过渡沼泽（0.1＜STI＜1）和流水沼泽（STI＞1） 马兴祥, 1988 
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