Geochemical Characteristics and Discharge Recommendations for Flowback Water from Coal-Rock Gas Wells, Eastern Ordos Basin
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摘要: 煤岩气是我国非常规天然气勘探开发的重要领域，其开发过程中的返排液组分复杂，对水环境存在潜在威胁，开展返排液地球化学特征与环境风险研究，对推动煤岩气绿色开发、保障区域水环境安全具有重要的理论和实践意义. 选取鄂尔多斯盆地东缘的24口煤岩气井产出的80个返排液样品，系统分析阴阳离子、微量元素及氢氧同位素、锶同位素，解析返排液的地球化学特征，揭示原生地层水成因机制，评价其潜在环境风险并提出处理建议. 分析结果显示，返排液具有高盐度、高矿化度的特征，以Cl-、Na+、Ca2+、Sr2+为主，且富Ca、Sr，贫Mg，元素含量整体较四川盆地页岩气井返排液更富集.返排液是压裂液与原生地层水混合的产物，据此可推断研究区原生地层水为Cl-Ca型. 原生地层水经历了古海水蒸发和多类型水‒岩相互作用（碳酸盐溶解、白云岩化、黏土矿物吸附和泥岩溶解），且空间分异显著. 原生地层水记录的强烈水‒岩相互作用表明储层致密封闭，有利于煤岩气的产生与保存. 返排液中部分有害金属元素超标，建议构建“源头回用‒中和与盐污控制‒全域管控”的处置体系，切实防控环境风险.Abstract: The coal-rock gas represents a key domain of unconventional natural gas exploration and development in China. The flowback water generated during the coal-rock gas extraction is characterized by complex chemical compositions and poses potential risks to the aquatic environment. Therefore, investigating the geochemical characteristics and environmental risks of flowback water is of significant theoretical and practical importance for promoting the green development of the coal-rock gas and safeguarding regional water environment security. In this study, 80 flowback water samples were collected from 24 coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin. Systematic analyses of cations, anions, trace elements, hydrogen-oxygen isotopes and strontium isotopes were conducted to decipher the geochemical properties of the flowback fluids, reveal the genetic mechanism of the original formation water, evaluate potential environmental risks, and propose targeted treatment suggestions. The results show that the flowback water is characterized by high salinity and high total dissolved solids (TDS), with Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ and Sr2+ as the dominant ions. These samples are enriched in Ca and Sr but depleted in Mg, displaying higher total elemental concentrations than those of the flowback water from shale gas wells in the Sichuan Basin. It is concluded that the flowback water is a mixture of fracturing fluid and original formation water, and the original formation water in the study area is inferred to be of Cl-Ca type. The original formation water has undergone paleo-seawater evaporation and multiple types of water-rock interactions (including carbonate dissolution, dolomitization, clay mineral adsorption and mudstone dissolution), and exhibits significant spatial differentiation. The intense water-rock interactions recorded in the original formation water indicate that the reservoirs are tight and well-sealed, which is favorable for the generation and preservation of the coal-rock gas. Given that some toxic heavy metals in the flowback water exceed environmental discharge standards, we suggest establishing a disposal framework of "source-directed reuse, neutralization & salinity control, and full-domain management" to effectively mitigate environmental risks.
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Key words:
- coal-rock gas /
- flowback water /
- formation water evolution /
- Ordos Basin /
- environmental impact /
- geochemistry
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图 1 鄂尔多斯盆地构造分区图（a）及本溪组‒山西组地层综合柱状图（b）（据赵喆等，2024）
Fig. 1. Tectonic division map of the Ordos Basin (a) and comprehensive stratigraphic column of the Benxi Formation-Shanxi Formation (b) (modified from Zhao et al., 2024)
图 2 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液主要成分含量饼图
Fig. 2. Pie chart of major component proportions in flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液主要离子（a）和微量元素（b）含量分布
Fig. 3. Distribution of major ion (a) and trace element (b) concentrations in flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr2+浓度随Cl‒浓度的变化
Fig. 4. Variations of Na, Ca, Mg, and Sr concentrations with Cl‒ concentration in flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液lg图解（海水蒸发线取自Dresel and Rose, 2010）
Fig. 5. lg plots of flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin (the seawater evaporation line after Dresel and Rose, 2010)
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液Piper图解
Fig. 6. Piper diagram of flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液氢氧同位素图（全球大气降水线数据来自Craig, 1961）
Fig. 7. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope plot of flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin (global meteoric water line after Craig, 1961)
图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液Sr同位素比值
Fig. 8. Strontium isotope ratio of flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
表 1 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液样品基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of flowback water samples from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
井号 区块位置 层位 层段(m) 返排阶段 样品数量 SD10H 绥德县 本溪组8#煤 2 661.0~3 095.0 返排中期 2 HT1H 伊金霍洛旗 本溪组8#煤 2 989.0~4 119.5 返排中期 3 HT8H 靖边县 本溪组8#煤 3 426.0~5 036.0 返排后期 1 NL1H 乌审旗 本溪组8#煤 3 580.0~5 013.0 返排后期 8 J72-22TH4 乌审旗 太原组斜道灰岩 3 468.0~4 828.0 返排中期和返排后期 6 J102-63H3 横山区 太原组斜道灰岩 3 380.0~5 494.0 返排初期 3 Z12-11YH6 横山区 本溪组8#煤 3 050.0~4 391.5 返排中期 3 J102-63H1 横山区 太原组斜道灰岩 3 393.0~5 429.0 返排中期 3 Q10 横山区 本溪组砂岩 2 873.5~2 876.5 返排后期 8 Z5-16H1 榆阳区 太原组砂岩 3 048.0~3 562.0 返排中期 4 S46-44YH5 榆阳区 本溪组8#煤 3 046.0~4 408.0 返排中期 1 M125-22H 榆阳区 本溪组8#煤 3 043.0~4 440.0 返排中期 6 M107-19MX 榆阳区 本溪组8#煤 2 840.0~3 075.0 返排中期 1 M125-1M 榆阳区 本溪组8#煤 2 634.0~2 637.0 返排中期 1 YT1H 榆阳区 太原组斜道灰岩 3 409.0~4 731.0 返排后期 7 YT3H1 榆阳区 太原组斜道灰岩 3 321.0~3 963.0 返排后期 7 J26H 榆阳区 本溪组8#煤 3 523.0~4 689.0 返排后期 1 S51-48YH1 佳县 本溪组8#煤 3 050.0~4 471.0 返排中期 4 S45-54YH2 佳县 本溪组8#煤 2 662.0~3 795.0 返排中期 1 S45-54YH4 佳县 本溪组8#煤 2 711.0~3 840.0 返排中期 5 M34-34 米脂县 本溪组8#煤 2 683.0~3 183.0 返排中期 2 M35-32YH4 米脂县 本溪组8#煤 2 690.0~4 076.0 返排中期 1 M125-26M 米脂县 本溪组8#煤 2 613.0~2 617.0 返排后期 1 MT5 米脂县 本溪组8#煤 2 404.0~2 406.0 返排后期 1 注：结合现场施工记录，将所有样品划分为3个返排阶段：返排初期（< 30 d）、返排中期（30~365 d）、返排后期（> 365 d）. 
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表 2 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气返排液主要离子含量统计与对比
Table 2. Statistics and comparison of major ion concentrations in flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
组分 鄂尔多斯盆地煤岩气返排液 四川盆地威远地区页岩气井返排液（倪云燕等，2021） 现代海水
（Millero et al., 2008 ）分布范围（mg/L） 平均值（mg/L） 分布范围（mg/L） 平均值（mg/L） 平均值（mg/L） Cl- 965~139 576 64 430 5 370~37 068 12 578 19 352 Br- 113~1 431 725 21.0~257 72.09 67 Na+ 585~32 131 18 379 3 954~20 864 7334 10 781 Ca2+ 581~39 972 17 155 118~1 823 297 412 Sr2+ 58.5~8 707 2 675 33.6~419 73 7.9 Mg2+ 62.2~5 012 1 864 14.0~49 32 1 283 Ba2+ 22.8~5 851 1 489 58.3~504 153 - K+ 93.7~932 379 - - 399 HCO3- 9.15~2 179 364 - - 104 SO42- 2.07~75.4 17.3 - - 2 712 NO3- 3.01~213 22.5 - - - 微量元素 166~1 336 527 - - - pH 3.75~6.85 - - - TDS 2 945~226 352 106 239 - - -
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表 3 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤岩气井返排液环境指标
Table 3. Environmental indicators of flowback water from the coal-rock gas wells in the eastern Ordos Basin
组分 鄂尔多斯盆地返排液（mg/L） 生活饮用水
卫生标准
（mg/L）
GB 5749-2022污水综合排放标准
（mg/L）
GB 8978-1996超标倍数 Ⅴ类地表水环境质量标准 Ⅴ类地下水
指标及限值
GB/T 14848-2017分布范围 平均值 pH 3.75~6.85 6~9 6~9 pH < 5.5或pH > 9.0 铁 53~934 249 0.3 -- -- -- > 2.0 锰 2.3~116 20 0.1 5.0 4 -- > 1.5 钡 22.8~5 851 1 475 0.7 -- -- -- > 4.0 铬 0.12~0.88 0.33 0.05 1.5 0.22 0.1 -- 铅 0.02~1.63 0.08 0.01 1.0 -- 0.1 > 0.10 镍 0.06~0.69 0.19 0.02 1.0 0.19 -- > 0.10 铊 0.000 65~0.02 0.006 0.000 1 -- -- -- > 0.001 锌 0.31~17.4 2.4 1.0 5.0 0.48 2.0 > 5.0 铝 3.3~281 20.2 0.2 -- -- -- > 0.50 铜 0.15~2.8 0.29 1.0 2.0 0.15 1.0 > 1.5 铍 0~0.01 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.4 -- > 0.06 钴 0.006~1.4 0.06 -- -- -- > 0.10 钼 0.003~0.4 0.025 0.07 -- -- -- > 0.15
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