Sedimentation of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation Shale in Sichuan Basin
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摘要: 海相页岩沉积作用尚不清楚.在四川盆地7口井五峰组‒龙马溪组采集9块页岩分成18个研究单元，利用岩心、光学显微镜、电子探针、MAPS技术有序衔接开展沉积作用分析.结果表明，海相页岩为静水沉积、深水重力流沉积、深水牵引流沉积交互叠置，各沉积类型岩石学标志不同.静水沉积的典型标志为富孔有机黏粒复合体，深水重力流沉积的典型标志为粗粒陆源石英与浅水介屑悬浮在含深水细粒物质中，深水牵引流沉积发育富孔纯净有机质.含放射虫页岩是开展海相页岩沉积分析的关键，沉积环境与沉积类型结合是解释矿物和有机质及页岩纹层赋存形式与成因的约束条件，分沉积类型开展储层评价是页岩气高效开发的有效路径.建议页岩沉积和储层分析重视MAPS技术.Abstract: The sedimentation of marine shale is still unclear. The 18 study units were selected from 9 core samples of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in 7 wells of the Sichuan Basin. The sedimentation of marine shale was analyzed in orderly connections such as core, optical microscopy, electron probe microscopy and MAPS technology. The results show that the marine shale is an alternation superposition of still-water sedimentation, deep-water gravity flow sedimentation and deep-water traction current sedimentation, with the difference in the petrological marks of each sedimentation. The typical mark of still-water sedimentation is the porous organic matter-clay aggregate. The typical mark of deep-water gravity flow sedimentation is the coarse-grained terrestrial quartz and shallow-water shell clastics suspended in deep-water fine-grained materials. The typical mark of deep-water traction current sedimentation is the porous organic matter. The radiolarian shales are the key for conducting marine sedimentary analysis. The combination of sedimentary environments and types is a reasonable constraint for explaining the occurrence and genesis of minerals and organic matter, as well as shale laminae. Fine reservoir evaluation based on sedimentation is an effective path for shale gas development. It is recommended to pay attention to the MAPS technology in the analysis of shale sedimentation and reservoir evaluation.
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图 1 四川盆地及邻区五峰组‒龙马溪组沉积相及地层柱状图（据周晓峰等，2026a修改）
Fig. 1. Sedimentary facies map and stratigraphic column of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin and its peripheral area(modified from Zhou et al., 2026a)
图 2 四川盆地五峰组‒龙马溪组埋藏史‒有机质热演化史（据周晓峰等，2026a）
Fig. 2. Burial history and thermal evolution history of the organic matters in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations of the Sichuan Basin (modified from Zhou et al., 2026a)
图 3 四川盆地五峰组‒龙马溪组页岩岩心典型特征
a~b.白色虚线之下页岩含丰富粗粒石英碎屑，之上页岩含丰富介屑；c~e. 放射虫纹层（箭头之间）
Fig. 3. Typical features of the shale cores in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations of the Sichuan Basin
图 4 四川盆地五峰组S-92含放射虫硅岩纹层典型岩石学特征
a. S-92亮纹层及S-91、S-93暗纹层，硅壳呈亮色环带，硅壳腔黑色、黄色、灰色、灰白色，单偏光；b.残缺硅壳，保存较完整硅壳腔充填物，波谱图像；c~e. 图b的C、Si、Ca元素面扫描图像，颜色由黑色经蓝、绿、黄至红色表示元素含量逐渐升高；f.完整硅壳具有3个圈层结构，内、外圈层缺乏孔隙，中间圈层富孔隙，硅壳腔充填有机硅粒复合体和方解石；g. 富孔隙有机硅粒复合体；h. 完整硅壳，硅壳腔充填有机硅粒复合体；i. “内核外壳”结构的壳屑，内核富孔隙，外壳无孔隙；j. 陆源石英碎屑，缺乏孔隙；k. 不规则方解石；l. 菱形白云石；m. 过度生长的莓状黄铁矿；n. 晶粒线状接触的莓状黄铁矿；o. 晶粒点状接触的莓状黄铁矿；p. 变形的晶粒漂浮的莓状黄铁矿；q. 条带状黏土；r. 条带状无孔隙纯净有机质；s. 硅质骨架颗粒间富孔隙有机硅粒复合体、富孔隙和无孔隙纯净有机质，据周晓峰等（2022a）；t. 团块状富孔隙纯净有机质；u. 团块状无孔隙纯净有机质
Fig. 4. Typical petrological features of the radiolarian silicalite coded as S-92 in the Wufeng Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 5 四川盆地五峰组S-91硅岩和S-93硅质页岩典型岩石学特征
a. S-91岩石学特征全貌，生物硅和陆源石英、方解石、白云石、黄铁矿等组成岩石骨架，黏土和有机质分布在骨架间；b. 过度生长的莓状黄铁矿；c. 晶粒线状接触的莓状黄铁矿；d. 晶粒点状接触的莓状黄铁矿；e. 变形的晶粒漂浮的莓状黄铁矿；f. 团块状富孔隙有机黏粒复合体；g. 团块状富孔隙纯净有机质；h. 团块状无孔隙纯净有机质；i. 条带状无孔隙纯净有机质
Fig. 5. Typical petrological features of the silicalite coded as S-91 and the siliceous shale coded as S-93 in the Wufeng Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 6 四川盆地五峰组S-42含放射虫硅岩中硅壳腔充填物典型岩石学特征
a. 残缺硅壳腔方解石、有机硅粒复合体和黄铁矿，波谱图像；b~g. 图a的C、Si、Ca、Mg、Fe、S元素面扫描图像，颜色由黑色经蓝、绿、黄至红色表示元素含量逐渐升高；h. 残缺硅壳腔方解石和有机硅粒复合体；i. 完整硅壳腔有机硅粒复合体；j. 完整硅壳腔黄铁矿
Fig. 6. Typical petrological features of the fillings in the siliceous shells'cavities from the radiolarian silicalite coded as S-42 in the Wufeng Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 7 四川盆地龙马溪组S-7硅岩中笔石典型岩石学特征
Fig. 7. Typical petrological features of the graptolite from the silicalite coded as S-7 in the Longmaxi Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 8 四川盆地五峰组‒龙马溪组静水沉积形成过程
Fig. 8. Still-water sedimentation process in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations of the Sichuan Basin
图 9 四川盆地五峰组S-1和S-2硅质页岩光学显微镜和电子探针显微镜图像
a.粗粒碎屑漂浮在黑色细粒物质中，粗粒陆源石英碎屑的含量高于粗粒浅水介屑的含量，单偏光；b. 粗粒碎屑漂浮在黑色细粒物质中，粗粒浅水介屑的含量高于粗粒陆源石英碎屑的含量，单偏光；c. 粗粒陆源石英碎屑含量高，波谱图像；d~k. 图c的C、Si、Ca、Mg、Fe、S、Al、O元素面扫描图像；l. 粗粒陆源石英碎屑和浅水介屑含量偏低，波谱图像；m~t. 图l的C、Si、Ca、Mg、Fe、S、Al、O元素面扫描图像.图d至图k和图m至图t中，颜色由黑色经蓝、绿、黄至红色表示元素含量逐渐升高；在Si、O元素面扫描图中，绿、黄、红色区域为石英；在Ca元素面扫描图中，红色区域为方解石；在Mg元素面扫描图中，绿、黄、红色区域为白云石
Fig. 9. Optical and electron probe microscope images of the siliceous shales coded as S-1 and S-2 in the Wufeng Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 10 四川盆地五峰组S-2硅质页岩细粒物质的典型纳米岩石图像
a.具有孔隙的泥级石英的聚合体间充填富孔隙有机黏粒复合体；b. 陆源石英碎屑颗粒；c. 方解石（介屑）压溶现象明显（红色箭头）；d.边缘受损的菱形白云石；e. 过度生长的莓状黄铁矿；f. 强烈压溶的晶粒线状接触的莓状黄铁矿；g. 变形的莓状黄铁矿；h. 富孔隙有机黏粒复合体；i. 富孔隙纯净有机质；j. 无孔隙纯净有机质
Fig. 10. Typical nanoscale petrological images of fine grains from the siliceous shale coded as S-2 in the Wufeng Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 11 四川盆地五峰组‒龙马溪组重力流沉积作用过程（据周晓峰等，2025）
Fig. 11. Gravity flow sedimentation process in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations of the Sichuan Basin (after Zhou et al., 2025)
图 12 四川盆地龙马溪组S-31和S-33含放射虫硅岩典型岩石学特征
a. S-32黑色硅岩纹层和S-33含放射虫硅岩纹层，单偏光；b. 硅壳腔有机硅粒复合体和黄铁矿，波谱图像；c~f. 图b的C、Si、Fe、S元素面扫描图像，颜色由黑色经蓝、绿、黄至红色表示元素含量逐渐升高；g. 硅壳腔有机硅粒复合体；h. 硅壳腔黄铁矿；i. 含放射虫硅岩纳米岩石图像，红框为图j的位置，黄框为图k的位置，蓝框为图l的位置；j. 骨架间富孔隙纯净有机质；k. 生烃增压缝充填无孔隙纯净有机质；l. 硅壳腔有机质镶嵌在硅质微粒中；m. 生物硅发育孔隙；n~o. 陆源石英碎屑表面的泥级生物硅膜；p. 过度生长的莓状黄铁矿；q. 晶粒线状接触的莓状黄铁矿
Fig. 12. Typical petrological features of the radiolarian silicalites coded as S-31 and S-33 in the Longmaxi Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 13 四川盆地龙马溪组S-32和S-34硅岩典型岩石学特征
a~f. S-32的纳米岩石图像. g~k. S-34的纳米岩石图像. a. S-32硅岩纹层纳米岩石特征全貌；b. 富黏土团块（红线圈定），表面发育生物硅膜；c. 富孔隙纯净有机质；d. 无孔隙纯净有机质；e. 晶粒线状接触的莓状黄铁矿；f. 过度生长的莓状黄铁矿；g. S-34硅岩纹层纳米岩石特征全貌；h. 微纳生物硅和富孔隙纯净有机质；i. 富黏土团块（红线圈定），表面发育生物硅膜；j. 晶粒线状接触的莓状黄铁矿；k. 过度生长的莓状黄铁矿
Fig. 13. Typical petrological features of the silicalites coded as S-32and S-34 in the Longmaxi Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 14 四川盆地龙马溪组S-31和S-33含放射虫硅岩深水牵引流沉积作用过程
Fig. 14. Deep-water traction current sedimentation process of the radiolarian silicalites coded as S-31 and S-33 in the Longmaxi Formation of the Sichuan Basin
图 15 四川盆地五峰组‒龙马溪组被研究页岩岩相分类
Ⅰ. 硅岩；Ⅱ.碳酸盐岩；Ⅲ.黏土岩；Ⅳ. 硅质页岩；Ⅴ. 碳酸盐质页岩；Ⅵ.黏土质页岩；Ⅶ.混合页岩
Fig. 15. Classification of the shale lithofacies from the shale samples studied in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations of the Sichuan Basin
图 16 S-92和S-93的背散射图像和矿物扫描图像及结果
a. S-92，背散射图像；b. 图a的矿物扫描图像及矿物与有机质的含量和颗粒数；c. S-93，背散射图像；d. 图c的矿物扫描图像及矿物与有机质的含量和颗粒数.背散射图像和矿物扫描图像采集于中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所微纳结构和岩心分析实验室，仪器型号为QEMSCAN 650F，分辨率1 µm
Fig. 16. Backscatter images and mineral scanning images and their results of S-92 and S-93
表 1 四川盆地五峰组‒龙马溪组页岩样品基本信息
Table 1. Primary information of the shale samples in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations of the Sichuan Basin
井名 层位 深度(m) 样品编码 岩心描述 H204 五峰组
观音桥层3 610.22 S-12 介屑丰富的黑色页岩 S-11 石英碎屑丰富的黑色页岩 H205 五峰组
观音桥层4 225.68 S-22 介屑丰富的黑色页岩 S-21 石英碎屑丰富的黑色页岩 龙马溪组 4 225.37 S-34 黑色页岩 S-33 7.1 mm含放射虫黑色页岩纹层 S-32 1.1 mm黑色页岩纹层 S-31 8.6 mm含放射虫硅质页岩纹层 L203H57-3 五峰组 3 744.43 S-43 黑色页岩 S-42 2.9 mm含放射虫黑色页岩纹层 S-41 黑色页岩 龙马溪组 3 743.76 S-5 黑色页岩 W202 龙马溪组 2 570.03 S-6 黑色页岩 W206 龙马溪组 3 791.84 S-7 黑色页岩 Z201 龙马溪组 3 666.21 S-8 黑色页岩 Z205 五峰组 4 103.96 S-93 黑色页岩 S-92 2.5 mm含放射虫黑色页岩纹层 S-91 黑色页岩 
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表 2 四川盆地五峰组‒龙马溪组被研究页岩矿物和有机质含量（体积百分含量，%）
Table 2. Statistics of minerals and organic matter from the shale samples studied in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations of the Sichuan Basin(v, %)
样品编码 沉积作用类型 生物硅 陆源石英 方解石 白云石 黏土矿物 黄铁矿-1 黄铁矿-2 黄铁矿-3 S-12 深水重力流沉积 43.1 16.8 27.6 2.7 3.3 0.1 0.1 / S-11 21.9 38.3 31.2 1.9 2.0 0.1 0.1 / S-22 31.4 16.2 28.3 13.6 3.2 0.1 0.1 / S-21 11.2 45.3 27.2 10.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 / S-34 深水牵引流沉积 76.1 7.0 2.2 1.6 0.5 0.1 0.1 / S-33 78.4 3.0 1.7 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.1 / S-32 71.4 8.2 3.1 1.2 0.8 0.1 0.1 / S-31 80.4 2.5 1.9 1.5 0.9 0.1 0.1 / S-43 静水沉积 59.3 6.8 7.5 7.1 11.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 S-42 60.6 6.1 7.2 8.5 8.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 S-41 58.8 5.6 9.1 9.7 8.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 S-5 静水沉积 61.2 7.2 4.3 7.1 8.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 S-6 深水牵引流沉积 78.8 2.9 2.4 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 / S-7 静水沉积 60.4 8.5 4.7 7.1 6.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 S-8 深水牵引流沉积 72.4 4.4 2.9 2.2 2.6 0.1 0.1 / S-93 静水沉积 55.6 5.6 17.6 8.2 3.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 S-92 58.7 4.1 13.1 5.2 6.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 S-91 60.1 4.8 15.4 6.3 4.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 S-12 深水重力流沉积 / 0.1 0.1 5.2 / / 0.6 0.3 S-11 / 0.1 0.1 4.1 / / / 0.2 S-22 / 0.1 0.1 5.7 / / 0.7 0.5 S-21 / 0.1 0.1 3.5 / / 0.7 0.4 S-34 深水牵引流沉积 / / / / / / 11.8 0.6 S-33 / / / / 2.2 / 13.1 0.3 S-32 / / / / / / 14.5 0.6 S-31 / / / / 3.4 / 8.5 0.7 S-43 静水沉积 0.1 / 0.1 6.1 / / 0.5 1.1 S-42 0.1 / 0.1 4.6 2.4 / 1.3 0.5 S-41 0.1 / 0.1 5.9 / / 0.7 0.8 S-5 静水沉积 0.2 / 0.1 6.3 / / 2.9 1.6 S-6 深水牵引流沉积 / / / / / / 13.1 0.3 S-7 静水沉积 0.2 / 0.1 3.9 / 2.2 5.1 0.6 S-8 深水牵引流沉积 / / / / / / 12.8 2.5 S-93 静水沉积 0.1 / 0.1 4.9 / / 2.3 1.3 S-92 0.1 / 0.1 5.1 4.2 / 2.1 0.8 S-91 0.1 / 0.1 5.7 / / 1.8 0.7 注：“/”指含量小于0.1.零星黄铁矿颗粒和硅壳腔黄铁矿未做统计.黄铁矿-1. 过度生长的莓状黄铁矿；黄铁矿-2. 晶粒线状接触的莓状黄铁矿；黄铁矿-3. 晶粒点状接触的莓状黄铁矿；黄铁矿-4. 晶粒漂浮的莓状黄铁矿；黄铁矿-5. 晶粒接触关系多样的莓状黄铁矿；有机质-1. 富孔隙有机黏粒复合体；有机质-2. 富孔隙有机硅粒复合体；有机质-3. 富孔隙笔石；有机质-4. 富孔隙纯净有机质；有机质-5. 无孔隙纯净有机质.
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