Characteristics, Age, and Exploration Significance of Polymetallic Mineralized Skarns in the Super-Large Shizhushan Wollastonite Deposit in the Yichun-Xinyun Area of Jiangxi Province
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摘要: 江西石竹山矿床（7 000万吨硅灰石）位于钦杭成矿带东段，是世界上最大的硅灰石矿床. 石竹山矿区中蒙山岩体与围岩碳酸盐岩地层接触带产出的矽卡岩中发育W-Sn-Cu-Mo多金属矿化现象，但其形成时代和成因研究较为薄弱. 基于石竹山矿床中多金属矿化矽卡岩的地质特征，通过对不同类型石榴子石开展原位微区U-Pb测年和主微量元素分析，以限定多金属矿化矽卡岩的形成年代，深化对矿床成因的认识，进一步指导找矿勘查. 矽卡岩中发育3种类型的石榴子石，分别为红棕色石榴子石（Grt-1），深棕色石榴子石（Grt-2）和黄绿色石榴子石（Grt-3），3种类型石榴子石均属于钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石固溶体系列，但Grt-1和Grt-2相对富铁而Grt-3相对富铝. Grt-2和Grt-3的U-Pb年龄分别为234.7±1.6 Ma和234.4±9.9 Ma，与矿区内广泛出露的蒙山岩体似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩的年龄一致. 研究表明，石竹山矿床硅灰石矿化和多金属矿化均发生于晚三叠世，二者均与蒙山岩体的岩浆活动具有密切的成因联系，除硅灰石外，石竹山矿区还具有较大的W-Sn-Cu-Mo多金属矿化潜力.Abstract: The Shizhushan deposit (70 millions tons of wollastonite) in Jiangxi is situated in the eastern section of the Qin-Hang metallogenic belt and is recognized as the largest wollastonite deposit in the world. Within this deposit, W-Sn-Cu-Mo polymetallic mineralization is present in the skarns located in the contact zone between the Mengshan granite and the surrounding carbonate rocks. However, research on the formation age and genesis of this mineralization is relatively limited. This paper conducts in situ U-Pb dating and trace element analyses of garnets from different generations to determine the age of formation of the polymetallic mineralized skarns. The findings aim to enhance the understanding of the deposit's genesis and provide further guidance for mineral exploration. Three types of garnets have developed in the skarn: the first type consists of reddish-brown garnet (Grt-1), the second type comprises dark-brown garnet (Grt-2), and the third type features yellowish-green garnet (Grt-3). All three types of garnet belong to the andradite to grossularite solid-solution series; however, Grt-1 and Grt-2 are relatively rich in iron, while Grt-3 is relatively rich in aluminum. The U-Pb ages of Grt-2 and Grt-3 are 234.7±1.6 Ma and 234.4±9.9 Ma, respectively, which align with the ages of the biotite monzogranite from the Mengshan complex, widely exposed in the mining area. This study indicates that both wollastonite mineralization and polymetallic mineralization in the Shizhushan deposit occurred during the Late Triassic and are closely associated with the intrusion of the Mengshan granite. In addition to wollastonite, the Shizhushan deposit also holds significant potential for W-Sn-Cu-Mo polymetallic mineralization.
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图 1 （a）华南钦杭成矿带及邻区构造分区简图（据毛景文等，2011）；（b）石竹山地区地质图（王先广等，2019）
Fig. 1. (a) Geological map of the Qinghang Metallogenic Belt (after Mao et al., 2011); (b) Geological map of the Shizhushan area (Wang et al., 2019)
图 2 （a）蒙山地区石竹山硅灰石矿床矿区地质图；A-A’（b）与B-B’（c）勘探线剖面图（王先广等，2019）
Fig. 2. (a) Geological map of the Shizhushan wollastonite deposit, and representative cross sections (b, c) (Wang et al., 2019)
图 3 石竹山硅灰石矿床典型蚀变类型及矿物组合特征
a. 早矽卡岩阶段放射状硅灰石矿床，其中零星分布第一类型红棕色石榴子石（Grt-1）；b. 早矽卡岩阶段中Grt-1与辉钼矿；c. 石榴子石（Grt-1）-辉钼矿细脉穿插硅灰石矿石；d. 早矽卡岩阶段的硅灰石和石榴子石，其中第一类型红棕色石榴子石（Grt-1）主要分布在地层与岩体的接触带附近，而第二类型深棕色石榴子石（Grt-2）呈浸染状分布在硅灰石中；e.深棕色Grt-2围绕红棕色Grt-1生长；f. 第三类型黄绿色石榴子石（Grt-3）与方解石和斑铜矿紧密共生；矿物缩写：Bn.斑铜矿；Cal.方解石；Grt.石榴子石；Mo.辉钼矿；Wo.硅灰石
Fig. 3. Photographs showing typical alteration types and mineral assemblages of the Shizhushan wollastonite deposit
图 4 石竹山硅灰石矿床典型多金属矿化显微照片
a. 钨矿灯下，黄绿色荧光白钨矿与粗粒辉钼矿集合体紧密共生；b. 粗粒辉钼矿集合体；c. 辉钼矿与白钨矿和方解石共生；d. 冷阴极发光图像中，白钨矿包裹于Grt-1中；e. 黄铁矿与黄铜矿呈浸染状分布于矽卡岩中；f. 粗粒斑铜矿与Grt-3和石英紧密共生；矿物缩写：Bn. 斑铜矿；Cal. 方解石；Cpy. 黄铜矿；Grt. 石榴子石；Mo. 辉钼矿；Py. 黄铁矿；Sch. 白钨矿
Fig. 4. Typical photomicrographs showing the characteristics of the polymetallic mineralization in the Shizhushan wollastonite deposit
图 5 石竹山硅灰石矿床典型石榴子石矽卡岩TIMA图像
a.石榴子石矽卡岩薄片扫描图，揭示Grt-1和Grt-2的颜色区别；a1. 图a薄片的全片扫描BSE照片，揭示石榴子石矽卡岩的共生矿物组合；a2. Fe元素扫描图，指示Fe在Grt-1和Grt-2中的分布规律；b. 黄绿色石榴子石矽卡岩，其中含有大量发育环带的Grt-3和斑铜矿；b1. 图b对应石榴子石Fe元素面扫描图，指示石榴子石的震荡环带可能与Fe元素相关；b2. Grt-3钙铁榴石与透辉石、斑铜矿和方解石共生
Fig. 5. TIMA mineral maps of the granet skarns in the Shizhushan wollastonite deposit
图 6 石竹山硅灰石矿床典型石榴子石（a）三角分类图解（底图据Meinert et al., 2005）、Grt-1（b）、Grt-2（c）和Grt-3（d）稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线
Fig. 6. (a) Ternary diagram showing compositions of three types of garnets (after Meinert et al., 2005), Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of Grt-1 (b), Grt-2 (c), and Grt-3 (d)
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