湘西寒武纪早期黑色岩系中干酪根的稀土元素地球化学特征

邓义楠; 郭庆军; 朱茂炎; 张俊明

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2014.027

湘西寒武纪早期黑色岩系中干酪根的稀土元素地球化学特征

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.027

邓义楠^{1, 2, 3,},
郭庆军^3, ,,
朱茂炎⁴,
张俊明⁴

1.
国土资源部广州海洋地质调查局, 广东广州 510760
2.
国土资源部海底矿产资源重点实验室, 广东广州 510075
3.
中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101
4.
中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所, 江苏南京 210008

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 40972023

国家自然科学基金项目 40930211

国家自然科学基金项目 40902003

国家自然科学基金项目 41173008

国家重点基础研究发展计划"973"项目 2013CB835004

详细信息

作者简介:
邓义楠(1987-), 男, 硕士, 沉积学和地球化学专业.E-mail: dengyinan@126.com

通讯作者:
郭庆军, E-mail: guoqj@igsnrr.ac.cn

中图分类号: P595
计量
- 文章访问数: 12606
- HTML全文浏览量: 305
- PDF下载量: 2602
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-09-26
- 刊出日期: 2014-03-15

REE Geochemistry of Kerogen from Early Cambrian Black Rock Series in Western Hunan

Deng Yinan^{1, 2, 3
,},
Guo Qingjun^{3
, ,},
Zhu Maoyan⁴,
Zhang Junming⁴

1.
Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou 510760, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou 510075, China
3.
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
4.
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

摘要

摘要: 湘西寒武纪早期黑色岩系中富含源于上层海水生物体的有机质, 其稀土元素(REE)特征不被碎屑物质干扰, 能有效地反映海洋上层水体的古环境特征.样品中作为有机质主体的干酪根的重稀土富集、Ce负异常、Y正异常和Eu无明显异常等特点与现代海水一致, 其特征可能反映古海洋上层水体的氧化还原信息.扬子地台各相区沉积剖面底部可能出现滞流(或硫化)环境, 随后沉积环境逐渐氧化.全岩样品中Ce的负异常可能由有机质提供, Ce/Ce^*值由剖面底部的较低值向上逐渐升高可能意味着海洋上层水体含氧量的逐渐上升, 而海水含氧量逐渐升高或许是由寒武纪早期海洋底部硫化环境的减弱所导致.
- 湘西 /
- 寒武纪初期 /
- 稀土元素 /
- 干酪根 /
- 黑色岩系 /
- 地球化学
Abstract: Organic matter from Early Cambrian black rock series in western Hunan was derived from organisms in the euphotic zone. For not interfered by the detrital component, REE geochemistry of organic matter can demonstrate paleoenvironmental characteristics of the upper seawater. As the main part of organic matter, kerogen is fully consistent with the modern seawater—like REE pattern which shows a progressive enrichment towards the heavier REE, depletion of Ce, positive anomalies of Y and no obvious anomalies of Eu. The characteristics of kerogen may trace paleoredox condition of upper seawater. The euxinic environment may have arised in the lower part of sections in the Yangtze area, and the depositional condition may have shifted to gradual oxidization in the upper part of sections. The negative Ce anomalies of bulk rocks are most probably derived from organic matter input. Gradual increase of Ce/Ce^* values indicates increasing oxygen content of upper seawater, and weakening of euxinic environment of bottom seawater may result in rising of oxygen content of upper seawater.
- western Hunan /
- Early Cambrian /
- rare earth element (REE) /
- kerogen /
- black rock series /
- geochemistry

HTML全文

图 1 湘西龙鼻嘴剖面和李家沱剖面位置和柱状图

Fig. 1. Location and column of Longbizui and Lijiatuo sections

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 湘西寒武纪早期黑色岩系中有机质的REE的PAAS标准化配分曲线

图 2f中海水表面和100 m分别为北大西洋表层和100 m深度海水的REE/PAAS标准化配分曲线(10⁶)(Elderfield and Greaves, 1982)

Fig. 2. PAAS shale-normalized REE distribution spectra of organic matter from the Early Cambrian black rock series, western Hunan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 黑色岩系中有机质的稀土元素各参数的相关关系

Fig. 3. Cross plots of various REE parameters for organic matter in black rock series

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 Ce在海洋中的变化特征及其在研究剖面的变化情况

a.海洋氧化层和次氧化层上部水体Ce/Ce^*值、Mn和氧气含量随深度的变化情况，修改自Slack et al.(2007)和Ling et al.(2013).数据来源：Ce/Ce^*值源于German et al.(1991)，Mn微粒含量参考Lewis and Landing(1991)，氧气浓度源于Luther et al.(1991)

Fig. 4. Variations of Ce/Ce^* in the modern black sea and Longbizui and Lijiatuo section

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 湘西龙鼻嘴剖面样品分析结果(10^-6)

Table 1. Analytical results for samples from the Longbizui sections, western Hunan (10^-6)

样品号	岩性	厚度(m)	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Y	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu	Ba	∑REE	∑LREE/∑HREE	Ce/Ce^*	Eu/Eu^*	Y/Y^*	Ba/Nd
LBZ563	磷质页岩	0.00	27.06	15.52	5.50	24.97	22.61	13.14	3.96	0.49	2.93	24.90	0.62	2.08	0.26	3.14	0.26	56 530.0	147.42	2.82	0.29	4.94	1.47	2 264.00
LBZ564	磷质页岩	0.30	3.16	3.33	0.73	3.34	0.83	0.27	0.57	0.07	0.41	3.00	0.09	0.29	0.03	0.66	0.03	110.0	16.80	2.27	0.51	1.84	1.24	32.95
LBZ566	硅质页岩	1.30	0.68	1.02	0.13	0.57	0.19	0.08	0.20	0.03	0.25	2.68	0.07	0.22	0.03	0.27	0.02	23.3	6.46	0.71	0.79	1.87	1.63	40.66
LBZ568	黑色页岩	2.40	16.44	18.75	2.95	12.56	7.96	3.81	8.90	1.93	15.75	136.38	3.92	12.84	1.76	11.14	1.48	7 034.0	256.59	0.32	0.62	2.11	1.38	559.92
LBZ569	黑色页岩	2.65	14.96	19.23	3.02	12.32	4.01	1.68	3.41	0.70	5.95	53.29	1.54	5.55	0.88	6.88	0.95	2 012.0	134.37	0.70	0.66	2.14	1.40	163.32
LBZ570	黑色页岩	2.95	5.27	5.27	0.66	2.18	0.43	0.17	0.47	0.09	0.76	7.43	0.21	0.84	0.14	1.28	0.16	542.0	25.37	1.23	0.62	1.80	1.48	248.15
LBZ574	硅质页岩	3.70	0.48	0.68	0.11	0.55	0.14	0.05	0.26	0.05	0.40	4.77	0.11	0.34	0.04	0.24	0.03	1.0	8.26	0.32	0.67	1.03	1.83	1.81
LBZ577	磷质页岩	4.60	1.39	1.49	0.27	1.13	0.21	0.07	0.22	0.03	0.23	2.54	0.06	0.21	0.03	0.41	0.03	27.0	8.29	1.22	0.56	1.56	1.77	24.07
LBZ580	黑色页岩	5.55	140.62	130.91	26.34	112.13	17.38	4.65	26.17	4.25	32.12	757.93	7.97	25.79	3.41	20.82	2.86	2 176.0	1 313.00	0.49	0.49	0.98	3.77	19.41
LBZ581	黑色页岩	5.85	13.35	14.05	2.42	10.05	1.65	0.49	1.83	0.27	2.11	23.30	0.55	1.91	0.26	2.13	0.25	1 225.0	74.62	1.29	0.57	1.31	1.71	121.89
LBZ583	黑色页岩	6.80	21.16	32.35	5.72	25.56	4.27	0.91	5.39	0.93	6.78	151.61	1.68	5.41	0.75	4.51	0.68	102.0	267.70	0.51	0.68	0.88	3.57	4.01
LBZ584	黑色页岩	7.30	60.93	74.87	10.50	42.84	6.57	1.53	9.04	1.45	11.08	111.21	2.75	9.22	1.27	8.61	1.18	1 255.0	353.05	1.27	0.68	0.91	1.60	29.30
LBZ586	黑色页岩	7.70	52.61	65.94	8.16	29.46	5.32	1.74	7.26	1.17	8.71	79.51	2.11	7.03	1.00	7.16	0.97	2 053.0	278.16	1.42	0.72	1.28	1.48	69.69
LBZ588	黑色页岩	9.25	40.47	53.27	6.26	24.45	6.42	2.59	6.53	1.05	7.69	66.82	1.80	5.84	0.80	5.55	0.72	3 764.0	230.26	1.38	0.76	1.88	1.43	153.93
LBZ591	黑色页岩	11.45	79.27	101.51	14.71	55.31	6.77	1.38	5.24	0.54	3.28	26.01	0.78	3.02	0.48	4.29	0.60	1 608.0	303.19	5.85	0.68	1.09	1.30	29.07
LBZ598	黑色页岩	18.10	29.92	48.92	5.29	20.59	4.12	1.32	4.24	0.65	4.87	45.95	1.17	3.81	0.52	3.63	0.45	2 386.0	175.47	1.69	0.89	1.48	1.53	115.89
LBZ605	黑色页岩	25.60	19.86	22.82	2.15	7.46	2.61	1.30	1.07	0.12	0.82	8.96	0.20	0.74	0.10	1.03	0.12	2 745.0	69.36	4.27	0.75	3.46	1.75	367.90
LBZ612	黑色页岩	32.80	35.50	63.73	7.73	31.73	5.09	1.28	5.82	0.95	7.25	62.75	1.76	6.03	0.88	6.59	0.88	1 975.0	237.97	1.56	0.89	1.10	1.40	62.24
LBZ616	黑色页岩	36.60	87.44	136.57	16.32	61.75	18.80	8.64	8.18	0.98	6.11	55.05	1.44	4.79	0.68	4.37	0.68	2 138.0	411.79	4.01	0.83	3.11	1.48	34.63
LBZ621	黑色页岩	41.10	63.90	109.76	11.68	43.12	14.87	6.96	8.47	1.38	10.51	81.65	2.42	7.92	1.14	7.99	1.06	24 900.0	372.83	2.04	0.92	2.86	1.29	577.43

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 湘西李家沱剖面样品分析结果(10^-6)

Table 2. Analytical results for samples from the Lijiatuo sections, western Hunan (10^-6)

样品号	岩性	厚度(m)	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Y	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu	Ba	∑REE	∑LREE/∑HREE	Ce/Ce^*	Eu/Eu^*	Y/Y^*	Ba/Nd
Ljt550	磷质页岩	0.00	19.16	16.00	4.70	24.97	4.74	0.93	4.04	0.59	4.50	45.05	1.16	4.63	0.62	8.91	0.63	38.0	140.63	1.01	0.39	1.00	1.57	1.53
Ljt551	硅质岩	0.60	46.44	31.25	9.12	43.97	7.60	1.43	8.07	1.22	8.93	91.62	2.24	7.80	1.06	9.97	1.03	49.0	271.75	1.06	0.35	0.85	1.63	1.12
Ljt553	黑色页岩	2.20	128.37	89.11	19.76	73.57	8.70	1.61	6.40	0.80	6.18	57.76	1.66	6.62	1.06	9.39	1.27	3 196.0	412.27	3.52	0.40	1.01	1.43	43.44
Ljt555	黑色页岩	4.20	82.18	85.44	12.06	38.91	8.63	3.87	5.12	0.76	5.65	53.10	1.43	5.86	0.89	10.86	1.01	21 330.0	315.76	2.73	0.61	2.70	1.48	548.14
Ljt557	黑色页岩	6.50	43.66	43.29	7.76	31.56	7.51	2.82	3.72	0.54	3.99	32.34	1.00	3.87	0.60	5.42	0.66	13 320.0	188.73	2.62	0.54	2.43	1.29	422.12
Ljt559	黑色页岩	8.90	71.38	85.73	13.54	53.93	11.38	3.99	7.94	1.40	11.29	96.99	2.89	10.79	1.66	14.33	1.70	16 100.0	388.95	1.61	0.63	1.97	1.35	298.56
Ljt560	黑色页岩	9.20	287.41	435.93	61.33	279.37	81.99	25.49	177.17	31.27	245.00	1 833.00	61.73	208.68	30.14	199.43	29.67	1 300.0	3 988.00	0.42	0.76	0.89	1.18	4.65
Ljt561	黑色页岩	9.50	143.27	434.11	27.56	100.30	24.74	10.95	11.13	1.64	11.98	93.41	2.94	10.87	1.73	13.05	1.90	46 900.0	889.58	4.98	1.59	2.96	1.25	467.62
Ljt563	黑色页岩	14.80	237.53	856.32	51.36	193.25	25.53	5.77	19.13	2.64	18.45	134.46	4.27	15.61	2.25	23.41	2.34	10 840.0	1 592.30	6.15	1.79	1.23	1.21	56.09
Ljt564	黑色页岩	16.30	172.37	242.63	32.90	116.28	28.90	12.47	16.90	2.77	20.40	187.14	5.09	17.63	2.76	18.41	2.88	27 830.0	879.54	2.21	0.74	2.61	1.46	239.33
Ljt566	黑色页岩	20.60	91.78	147.12	22.24	92.99	16.76	4.68	12.92	2.27	17.38	129.77	4.06	14.37	2.04	20.30	1.99	12 640.0	580.65	1.83	0.75	1.49	1.23	135.92
Ljt568	黑色页岩	25.00	29.91	37.46	5.23	22.70	10.88	4.61	10.44	2.11	16.17	123.13	3.81	13.37	1.85	19.09	1.76	14 990.0	302.52	0.58	0.68	2.03	1.25	660.45
Ljt570	黑色页岩	28.40	47.03	59.16	9.00	38.91	11.17	3.87	12.05	2.29	16.90	134.09	3.94	14.46	1.91	26.04	1.84	7 596.0	382.68	0.79	0.66	1.56	1.31	195.22
Ljt574	黑色页岩	35.40	58.88	46.02	9.57	35.27	4.05	0.82	4.17	0.57	4.04	51.30	1.10	4.09	0.64	4.41	0.70	473.0	225.64	2.18	0.44	0.93	1.92	13.40
Ljt578	黑色页岩	38.95	5.02	4.73	0.84	3.74	1.53	0.53	2.02	0.42	3.58	36.09	0.99	4.03	0.61	7.02	0.67	1 504.0	71.82	0.30	0.53	1.40	1.51	401.93
Ljt582	黑色页岩	51.95	4.98	6.72	0.87	3.69	0.94	0.29	1.86	0.36	2.79	29.11	0.69	2.43	0.33	3.72	0.30	9.0	59.09	0.42	0.74	0.95	1.67	2.45
Ljt586	黑色页岩	64.85	19.94	20.47	2.95	11.82	1.94	0.43	2.46	0.37	2.69	28.28	0.67	2.52	0.32	4.10	0.31	40.0	99.27	1.38	0.60	0.90	1.68	3.36
Ljt590	黑色页岩	78.95	98.89	134.32	26.15	129.06	24.32	3.29	11.97	1.15	7.83	80.64	1.95	7.79	1.03	14.11	1.09	439.0	543.59	3.26	0.61	0.88	1.64	3.40
Ljt593	黑色页岩	97.95	76.25	97.70	13.53	58.13	9.84	1.67	7.41	0.72	4.48	38.95	1.05	4.01	0.57	6.77	0.59	205.0	321.68	3.98	0.70	0.92	1.43	3.53

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(47)

[1]	Bau, M., Dulski, P., 1996. Distribution of Yttrium and Rare-Earth Elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 79(1-2): 37-55. doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9
[2]	Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Dulski, P., et al., 1996. Comparison of the Partitioning Behaviours of Yttrium, Rare Earth Elements, and Titanium between Hydrogenetic Marine Ferromanganese Crusts and Seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(10): 1709-1725. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4
[3]	Dulski, P., 1994. Interferences of Oxide, Hydroxide and Chloride Analyte Species in the Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 350(4-5): 194-203. doi: 10.1007/BF00322470
[4]	Elderfield, H., Greaves, M.J., 1982. The Rare Earth Elements in Seawater. Nature, 296: 214-219. doi: 10.1038/296214a0
[5]	Fu, J.M., Qin, K.Z., 1995. The Geochemistry of Kerogen. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou, 27-78 (in Chinese).
[6]	German, C.R., Holliday, B.P., Elderfield, H., 1991. Redox Cycling of Rare-Earth Elements in the Suboxic Zone of the Black-Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55(12): 3553-3558. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90055-A
[7]	Goldberg, T., Strauss, H., Guo, Q.J., et al., 2007. Reconstructing Marine Redox Conditions for the Early Cambrian Yangtze Platform: Evidence from Biogenic Sulphur and Organic Carbon Isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(1-2): 175-193. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.015
[8]	Guo, Q.J., Shields, G.A., Liu, C.Q., et al., 2007a. Trace Element Chemostratigraphy of Two Ediacaran-Cambrian Successions in South China: Implications for Organosedimentary Metal Enrichment and Silicification in the Early Cambrian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(1-2): 194-216. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.016
[9]	Guo, Q.J., Strauss, H., Liu, C.Q., et al., 2007b. Carbon Isotopic Evolution of the Terminal Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian: Evidence from the Yangtze Platform, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(1-2): 140-157. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.014
[10]	Jiang, S.Y., Chen, Y.Q., Ling, H.F., et al., 2006. Trace-and Rare-Earth Element Geochemistry and Pb-Pb Dating of Black Shales and Intercalated Ni-Mo-PGE-Au Sulfide Ores in Lower Cambrian Strata, Yangtze Platform, South China. Mineralium Deposita, 41(5): 453-467. doi: 10.1007/s00126-006-0066-6
[11]	Jiang, S.Y., Zhao, H.X., Chen, Y.Q., et al., 2007. Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Phosphate Nodules from the Lower Cambrian Black Shale Sequence in the Mufu Mountain of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Chemical Geology, 244(3-4): 584-604. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.07.010
[12]	Knoll, A.H., Carroll, S.B., 1999. Early Animal Evolution: Emerging Views from Comparative Biology and Geology. Science, 284: 2129-2137. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2129
[13]	Lehmann, B., Nägler, T.F., Holland, H.D., et al., 2007. Highly Metalliferous Carbonaceous Shale and Early Cambrian Seawater. Geology, 35(5): 403-406. doi: 10.1130/G23543A.1
[14]	Lewis, B.L., Landing, W.M., 1991. The Biogeochemistry of Manganese and Iron in the Black-Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 38(Supplement 2): S773-S803. doi: 10.1016/S0198-0149(10)80009-3
[15]	Ling, H.F., Chen, X., Li, D., et al., 2013. Cerium Anomaly Variations in Ediacaran-Earliest Cambrian Carbonates from the Yangtze Gorges Area, South China: Implications for Oxygenation of Coeval Shallow Seawater. Precambrian Research, 225: 110-127. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.011
[16]	Luther, G.W., Church, T.M., Powell, D., 1991. Sulfur Speciation and Sulfide Oxidation in the Water Column of the Black-Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 38(Supplement 2): S1121-S1137. doi: 10.1016/S0198-0149(10)80027-5
[17]	Maloof, A.C., Ramezani, J., Bowring, S.A., et al., 2010. Constraints on Early Cambrian Carbon Cycling from the Duration of the Nemakit-Daldynian-Tommotian Boundary δ¹³C Shift, Morocco. Geology, 38(7): 623-626. doi: 10.1130/G30726.1
[18]	Marshall, C.R., 2006. Explaining the Cambrian "Explosion" of Animals. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 34: 355-384. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.33.031504.103001
[19]	Mclennan, S.M., 1989. Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks: Influence of Provenance and Sedimentary Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy, 21(1): 169-200. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/313503357_Rare_earth_elements_in_sedimentary_rocks_influence_of_provenance_and_sedimentary_processes
[20]	Mossman, D.J., Goodarzi, F., Gentzis, T., 1993. Characterization of Insoluble Organic Matter from the Lower Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup, Elliot Lake, Ontario. Precambrian Research, 61(3-4): 279-293. doi: 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90117-K
[21]	Pi, D.H., Liu, C.Q., Shields-Zhou, G.A., et al., 2013. Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Black Shale and Kerogen in the Early Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou Province, South China: Constraints for Redox Environments and Origin of Metal Enrichments. Precambrian Research, 225: 218-229. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.07.004
[22]	Pi, D.H., Liu, C.Q., Deng, H.L., et al., 2008. REE Geochemistry of Organic Matter from Black Shales of the Niutitang Formation, Zunyi, Guizhou Province. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 28(3): 303-310 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/303539023_REE_geochemistry_of_organic_matter_from_black_shales_of_the_Niutitang_formation_Zunyi_Guizhou_Province
[23]	Richard, A.K., 1998. Did an Ancient Deep Freeze Nearly Doom Life?Science, 281(5381): 1259-1261. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5381.1259
[24]	Schröder, S., Grotzinger, J.P., 2007. Evidence for Anoxia at Ediacaran-Cambrian Boundary: The Record of Redox Sensitive Trace Elements and Rare Earth Elements in Oman. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 164(6): 175-187. doi: 10.1144/0016-76492005-022
[25]	Shields, G., Stille, P., 2001. Diagenetic Constrains on the Use of Cerium Anomalies as Palaeoseawater Proxies: An Isotopic and REE Study of Cambrian Phosphorites. Chemical Geology, 175(1-2): 29-48. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00362-4
[26]	Slack, J.F., Grenne, T., Bekker, A., et al., 2007. Suboxic Deep Seawater in the Late Paleoproterozoic: Evidence from Hematitic Chert and Iron Formation Related to Seafloor-Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits, Central Arizona, USA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 255(1-2): 243-256. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.018
[27]	Wang, J.G., Chen, D.Z., Yan, D.T., et al., 2012. Evolution from an Anoxic to Oxic Deep Ocean during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition and Implications for Bioradiation. Chemical Geology, 306: 129-138. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.005
[28]	Wang, Z.G., Yu, X.Y., Zhao, Z.H., et al., 1989. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
[29]	Wille, M., Nägler, T.F., Lehmann, B., et al., 2008. Hydrogen Sulphide Release to Surface Waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary. Nature, 453(7196): 767-769. doi: 10.1038/nature07072
[30]	Wu, C.D., Chen, Q.Y., Lei, J.J., 1999a. The Genesis Factors and Organic Petrology of Black Shale Series from the Upper Sinian to the Lower Cambrian, Southwest of China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 15(3): 453-462 (in Chinese with English abstract).
[31]	Wu, C.D., Yang, C.Y., Chen, Q.Y., 1999b. The Origin and Geochemical Characteristics of Upper Sinain-Lower Cambrian Black Shales in Western Hunan. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 18(1): 26-39 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/284571512_The_origin_and_geochemical_characteristics_of_Upper_Sinain-Lower_Cambrian_black_shales_in_western_Hunan
[32]	Xiao, S.H., Hu, J., Yuan, X.L., et al., 2005. Articulated Sponges from the Early Cambrian Hetang Formation in Southern Anhui, South China: Their Age and Implications for Early Evolution of Sponges. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 220(1-2): 89-117. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2002.02.001
[33]	Xu, L.G., Lehmann, B., Mao, J.W., 2013. Seawater Contribution to Polymetallic Ni-Mo-PGE-Au Mineralization in Early Cambrian Black Shales of South China: Evidence from Mo Isotope, PGE, Trace Element, and REE Geochemistry. Ore Geology Reviews, 52: 66-84. doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.06.003
[34]	Yang, A.H., Zhu, M.Y., Zhang, J.M., et al., 2003. Early Cambrian Eodiscoid Trilobites of the Yangtze Platform and Their Stratigraphic Implications. Progress in Nature Science, 13(11): 861-866. doi: 10.1080/10020070312331344560
[35]	Yang, J., Yi, F.C., Qian, Z.Z., 2005. Characters of Lower Cambrian Black Shale Series' Kerogen and Their Carbon Isotope Implications in Northern Guizhou Province. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 25(1): 99-103 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KWYS200501018.htm
[36]	Yang, J.H., Jiang, S.Y., Ling, H.F., et al., 2004. Paleoceangraphic Significance of Redox-Sensitive Metals of Black Shales in the Basal Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou Province, South China. Progress in Natural Science, 14(2): 152-157. doi: 10.1080/10020070412331343291
[37]	Yang, X.L., Zhu, M.Y., Zhao, Y.L., et al., 2008. REE Geochemical Characteristics of the Ediacaran-Lower Cambrian Black Rock Series in Eastern Guizhou. Geological Review, 54(1): 3-15 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/303539443_REE_geochemical_characteristics_of_the_Ediacaran-Lower_Cambrian_black_rock_series_in_Eastern_Guizhou
[38]	Zhou, C.M., Jiang, S.Y., 2009. Palaeoceanographic Redox Environments for the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in South China: Evidence from Pyrite Framboids, Redox Sensitive Trace Elements, and Sponge Biota Occurrence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 271(3-4): 279-286. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.024
[39]	Zhu, M.Y., Strauss, H., Shields, G.A., 2007. From Snowball Earth to the Cambrian Bioradiation: Calibration of Ediacaran-Cambrian Earth History in South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254(1-2): 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.palaco.2007.03.026
[40]	Zhu, M.Y., Zhang, J.M., Steiner, M., et al., 2003. Sinian-Cambrian Stratigraphic Framework for Shallow- to Deep-Water Environments of the Yangtze Platform: An Integrated Approach. Progress in Natural Science, 13(12): 951-960. doi: 10.1080/10020070312331344710
[41]	傅家谟, 秦匡宗, 1995. 干酪根地球化学. 广州: 广东科技出版社, 27-78.
[42]	皮道会, 刘丛强, 邓海琳, 等, 2008. 贵州遵义牛蹄塘组黑色岩系有机质的稀土元素地球化学研究. 矿物学报, 28(3): 303-310. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-4734.2008.03.014
[43]	王中刚, 于学元, 赵振华, 等, 1989. 稀土元素地球化学. 北京: 科学出版社.
[44]	吴朝东, 陈其英, 雷家锦, 1999a. 湘西震旦-寒武纪黑色岩系的有机岩石学特征及其形成条件. 岩石学报, 15(1): 453-461. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB199903013.htm
[45]	吴朝东, 杨承运, 陈其英, 1999b. 湘西黑色岩系地球化学特征和成因意义. 岩石矿物学杂志, 18(1): 26-39. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSKW901.004.htm
[46]	杨剑, 易发成, 钱壮志, 2005. 黔北黑色岩系干酪根特征与碳同位素指示意义. 矿物岩石, 25(1): 99-103. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KWYS200501018.htm
[47]	杨兴莲, 朱茂炎, 赵元龙, 等, 2008. 黔东震旦系-下寒武统黑色岩系稀土元素地球化学特征. 地质论评, 54(1): 3-15. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLP200801002.htm