Evolution of Cenozoic Sedimentary Basins in Western China
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摘要: 新生代期间中国西部发生了多次强烈的构造运动, 经历了复杂的构造-地貌演化历史.地质构造背景和地球动力学过程则控制了中国西部大陆新生代期间的构造-地貌演化.盆-山系统是中国西部新生代构造的基本格局, 盆-岭体系是中国西部新生代的主要地貌单元.根据盆地的几何学、动力学与构造演化特征, 中国西部新生代盆地可以划分为压陷盆地、断陷盆地、走滑拉分盆地以及残留海-前陆盆地4类.这些新生代封闭盆地均被造山带所围限, 而盆地与山脉之间由挤压型活动断裂(逆冲断层和走滑断层)所分割.新生代以来印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞以及其后印度板块的向北俯冲挤压, 对中国西部新生代沉积盆地的发育和演化产生了重大影响.中国西部新生代盆地构造岩相古地理演化与板块运动和构造隆升之间存在明显的耦合.Abstract: During the Cenozoic, strong multi-stage tectonic events occurred in western China, which experienced a complex tectonic-geomorphic evolution history. Tectonic setting and geodynamic process determined the tectonic-geomorphic evolutions in the continent of western China. Sedimentary basin-orogen belt systems are the dominant basic structural pattern in western China during the Cenozoic. Basin-range pattern is the major geomorphic unit in western China. According to the geometric, dynamic features of tectonic evolution of basins, the Cenozoic sedimentary basins in western China fall into four tectonic categories: contractional basin, faulted basin, strike-slip pull-apart basin and remnant sea-foreland basin. These closed geomorphic basins in western China were surrounded by orogenic belts, which are divided by active compressive faults (thrust fault and strike-slip fault). Both the Indian-Eurasian plate collision and the intracontinental subduction play significant role in the formation and evolution of sedimentary basins in western China. There is a close relationship among the tectonic lithofacies paleogeographic evolution of sedimentary basins, plate movement and tectonic uplift.
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Key words:
- western China /
- sedimentology /
- tectonics /
- basin evolution /
- Cenozoic
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图 1 中国西部新生代沉积盆地分布
1.布尔津断陷盆地；2.塔城坳陷盆地；3.准噶尔压陷盆地；4.三塘湖压陷盆地；5.吐哈压陷盆地；6.博乐坳陷盆地；7.博罗科努凹陷盆地；8.伊宁压陷盆地；9.塔里木压陷盆地；10.焉耆坳陷盆地；11.吐尔尕特坳陷盆地；12.北山压陷盆地；13.包尔乌拉凹陷盆地；14.阿拉善右旗压陷盆地；15.张掖-武威压陷盆地；16.疏勒南山压陷盆地；17.党河南山压陷盆地；18.玉门西走滑拉分压陷盆地；19.柴达木压陷盆地；20.瓦石峡南压陷盆地；21.阿奇克库勒坳陷盆地；22.秀河压陷盆地；23.冬给措纳湖坳陷盆地；24.兴海坳陷盆地；25.共和坳陷盆地；26.同仁坳陷盆地；27.西宁-兰州压陷盆地；28.宁夏压陷盆地；29.鄂尔多斯断陷盆地；30.西昌断陷盆地；31.木里坳陷坳陷盆地；32.昭通坳陷盆地；33.元谋坳陷盆地；34.昆明断陷-坳陷盆地；35.元江压陷盆地；36.明江上游坳陷盆地；37.百色断陷-坳陷盆地；38.松潘坳陷盆地；39.玛曲压陷盆地；40.石渠坳陷盆地；41.曲麻莱坳陷盆地；42.五道梁压陷盆地群；43.五道梁压陷盆地群；44.木孜塔格断陷盆地；45.那底岗日断陷盆地；46.喀喇昆仑山口压陷-拉分盆地；47.塔尔库尔干压陷盆地；48.治多压陷盆地；49.囊谦拉分盆地；50.生达-巴塘走滑拉分盆地群；51.白玉坳陷盆地；52.甘孜-理塘走滑拉分盆地群；53.乡城-中甸走滑拉分盆地群；54.芒康走滑拉分盆地；55.德钦压陷盆地；56.丽江走滑拉分盆地；57.腾冲断陷盆地；58.昌宁断陷盆地；59.思茅压陷-拉分盆地；60.勐腊走滑拉分盆地；61.松西-郭扎错压陷盆地；62.拜惹布错-多格错仁强错断陷盆地；63.温泉湖-查多岗日压陷盆地；64.鱼鳞山-玛依岗日压陷盆地；65.丁固坳陷盆地；66.鲁玛江冬错-扎普坳陷盆地；67.丁则压陷盆地；68.强堆-日玛压陷盆地；69.擦咔坳陷盆地；70.改则坳陷盆地；71.尼玛-双湖压陷盆地；72.玛尔果茶卡压陷盆地；73.伦坡拉断陷-坳陷盆地；74.唐古拉坳陷盆地；75.杂多坳陷盆地；76.那曲坳陷盆地；77.丁青压陷盆地；78.隆格尔压陷-拉分盆地；79.措勤压陷-拉分盆地；80.当惹雍错断陷盆地；81.谢通门断陷盆地；82.申扎走滑拉分盆地；83.南木林断陷盆地；84.羊八井断陷盆地；85.冈仁波齐-罗波峰压陷盆地；86.喜马拉雅残留海；87.成都压陷盆地
Fig. 1. Distribution of Cenozoic sedimentary basins in western China
图 2 中国西部主要大型盆地新生代充填序列及其对比
1.砾岩/含砾砂岩；2.砂岩/石英砂岩；3.粉砂岩/含砾粉砂岩；4.泥质粉砂岩/粉砂质泥岩；5.泥岩/油页岩；6.钙质/石膏；7.炭质/煤；8.铁质/硅质；9.灰岩/灰质砾岩；10.介壳灰岩/含泥质灰岩；11.泥灰岩/泥质白云岩；12.玄武岩/安山岩；13.粗面岩/粗安岩；14.英安岩/白云榴响岩；15.流纹岩/火山集块岩；16.火山角砾岩/凝灰岩；17.晶屑凝灰岩；18.火山岩岩块/灰岩岩块；19.砂岩岩块/硅质岩岩块；20.角度不整合/平行不整合.据以下参考文献：王开发等，1975；李云通，1984；蒋显庭，1995；青海省地质矿产局，1997；四川省地质矿产局，1997；腾志宏等，1997；邓秀芹等，1998；杨景林和沈一新，2000；赵政璋等，2001；王凤林等，2003；贾承造等，2004；曾宜君等，2004；李国彪等，2005；王成善等，2005；Huang et al., 2006；宋春晖，2006；Fang et al., 2007；Wang et al., 2007；张克信等, 2007, 2010, 2013；Yin et al., 2008；Lu and Xiong, 2009；李丕龙等，2010；周江羽等，2011
Fig. 2. Correlation and sedimentary sequence of the main Cenozoic basins in western China
图 3 塔里木地区新生代地球动力学演化
据以下参考文献：Hendrix et al., 1994；Li, 1996；杨树锋等，2003；卢华复等，2005；方世虎等, 2006；Sobel et al., 2006；王清晨等, 2007；陈正乐等，2008
Fig. 3. Geodynamic evolution of the Tarim region in the Cenozoic
图 4 中国西部新生代构造-岩相古地理格局演替
据以下参考文献：王鸿祯，1985；叶得泉等，1993；陈发景和汪新胜，1997；邓万明，2003；刘训，2004；王成善等，2005；Yin et al., 2008；张克信等, 2010, 2013；Carroll et al., 2010
Fig. 4. Tectonic-lithofacies paleogeography evolution of the western China during the Cenozoic
图 5 中国西部新生代盆地演化与板块运动－构造隆升耦合
据以下参考文献：唐天福等, 1992；刘树根，1993；Lee and Lawver, 1995；岳乐平等，2003；赵加凡等, 2004；Dai et al., 2005, 2006; 王成善等，2005；李国彪等，2005；邵龙义等, 2006；刘池洋等，2006；郑孟林等，2006；Haq, 2007；王清晨等, 2007；Wang et al., 2008; Molnar and Stock, 2009；李丕龙等, 2010；Copley et al., 2010；张克信等, 2007, 2010, 2013；Zhang et al., 2008, 2010, 2013；周江羽等，2011；马鹏飞等，2013
Fig. 5. Evolution of Cenozoic sedimentary basins in western China coupling with plate movement and tectonic uplift
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