Development Characteristics of Clayey Altered Rocks in the Sichuan-Tibet Traffic Corridor and Their Promotion to Large-Scale Landslides
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摘要: 黏土化蚀变岩是在岩浆期后热液作用或后期水热作用下形成的具有不良工程地质性质的特殊地质体.在野外调查、黏土矿物测试和物理力学试验分析的基础上，阐述了川藏交通廊道黏土化蚀变岩的形成条件、区域分布特征、地质特征及蚀变程度的判据，以白格滑坡为例揭示了黏土化蚀变岩对大型滑坡的促滑作用.结果表明，黏土化蚀变岩的区域分布受活动断裂、热液作用和地层岩性控制，常沿侵入岩脉、断裂带、岩浆岩节理密集带、侵入岩体与其他岩层的接触带等部位发育，其蚀变程度按蚀变系数可划分为微蚀变、弱蚀变、中等蚀变和强蚀变4个等级，在干湿交替和松弛条件下极易发生崩解、软化，中等-强蚀变的岩体抗剪强度低.黏土化蚀变岩对滑坡的促滑作用主要体现在强度弱化效应、岩体结构劣化效应及失稳滞后效应3个方面，是促进构造混杂岩带深切河谷斜坡失稳、形成大型滑坡不可忽视的重要因素.Abstract: Clayey altered rock is a special geological body with poor engineering geological properties formed under hydrothermal action or hydrothermal action after the magmatic period. Based on field geological survey, clay mineral identification, and physical mechanics test analysis, the formation conditions, regional distribution characteristics, geological characteristics and the criterion of alteration degree of clayey altered rocks in the Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor are described. Taking Baige landslide as an example, the sliding promotion of clayey altered rock on large-scale landslides are discussed. The results show that the regional distribution of clayey altered rocks is controlled by active faults, hydrothermal action and lithology. The clayey altered rocks often develop along intrusive dikes, fault zones, concentrated joint zones of magmatic rocks, and contact zones between intrusive rock mass and other rock formation. According to the alteration coefficient, the degree of alteration can be divided into four grades: very low alteration, low alteration, medium alteration and high alteration. In alternating wet and dry conditions and relaxation conditions, the altered rock is easy to disintegrate and soften. The medium-high altered rock mass usually has low shearing strength. The promoting effect of clayey altered rock on landslide is mainly reflected in three aspects: strength weakening effect, rock mass structure deterioration effect and instability hysteresis effect, which is an important factor in promoting the instability of slopes and large-scale landslides in deep-cut valley slopes in tectonic melange belts.
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图 1 川藏交通廊道地质略图
1.第四系冲洪积、冰碛物等；2.白垩系陆相碎屑岩为主，局部海相碎屑岩及火山岩；3.侏罗系陆相碎屑岩为主，藏南海相砂页岩夹泥灰岩；4.三叠系海相砂板岩夹灰岩、砂页岩、砾岩及火山岩；5.中生界并层；6.冈瓦纳相（灰岩、砂板岩夹玄武岩、千枚岩）；7.石炭-二叠系并层；8.冈瓦纳相（砂页岩、大理岩、灰岩）；9.泥盆系（中-上统为磨拉石）；10.上古生界并层；11.前泥盆系变质砂板岩、片麻岩、大理岩；12.志留系灰岩夹千枚岩、大理岩夹基性火山岩；13.奥陶-志留系并层；14.奥陶系碎屑岩及火山岩；15.下古生界并层；16.元古宇；17.太古宇；18.中生代杂岩；19.喜山期花岗岩；20.燕山晚期-喜山期花岗岩；21.燕山期花岗岩；22.华力西期-燕山期花岗岩；23.元古宙花岗岩；24.闪长岩类；25.超铁镁质岩类；26.碱性岩类；27.水系；28.断裂；29.已建铁路；30.在建铁路；31.公路
Fig. 1. Geological map of Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor
图 2 川藏交通廊道黏土化蚀变岩的区域分布特征
Fig. 2. Regional distribution characteristics of clayey altered rocks in Sichuan⁃Tibet traffic corridor
图 3 不同类型黏土化蚀变岩的宏观产出特征
a.大渡河大岗山辉绿岩脉内的蚀变岩；b.理塘一带玄武岩蚀变带；c.巴塘一带蚀变岩带；d.芒康一带的断裂带蚀变岩特征；e.八宿县城东蚀变岩带；f.然乌北花岗岩裂隙蚀变岩；g.嘉黎断裂带蚀变岩钻孔岩心；h.鲁朗一带玄武岩蚀变带；i罗布莎铬铁矿坑边坡蚀变岩
Fig. 3. Macroscopic characteristics of different types of clayey altered rocks
图 4 黏土化蚀变岩 < 5 μm粘粒的XRD定量测试结果
①天然样品；②乙二醇处理样品；③550 ℃加热处理样品
Fig. 4. Oriented X⁃ray diffractograms of < 5 μm clay fraction in clayey altered rocks
图 5 黏土化蚀变岩吸水率与抗压强度的关系曲线(据魏伟等, 2012数据编绘)
Fig. 5. Relationship between water absorption and compressive strength of clayey altered rock (data from Wei et al., 2012)
图 6 典型黏土化蚀变岩的蚀变程度判别图
A.强蚀变; B.中等蚀变; C.弱蚀变; D.微蚀变；Ⅰ.非膨胀; Ⅱ.微膨胀; Ⅲ.弱膨胀; Ⅳ.强膨胀; Ⅴ.剧膨胀
Fig. 6. Discrimination diagram of alteration degree of typical clayey altered rock
图 7 白格滑坡后壁及黏土化蚀变岩滑带土特征
a.白格滑坡近期滑动形成的后壁（镜向SSW）；b.在滑带中采集的黏土化蚀变岩（镜向SW）
Fig. 7. Characteristics of back wall of Baige landslide and sliding zone soil composed of clayey altered rock
图 8 环剪试验后的试样剪切面形态和微观结构特征
a.试验结束后的剪切面形态；b.黏土矿物定向排列的SEM微观特征
Fig. 8. Morphology of the shear surface and microstructure of the specimen after the ring shear test
图 9 含砾黏土与黏土化蚀变岩抗剪强度对比
Fig. 9. Comparison of the shearing strength between gravel⁃bearing clay and clayey altered rock
图 12 黏土化蚀变岩耐崩解指数-循环次数关系曲线
Fig. 12. Relationship curve between the disintegration resistance index and the number of cycles of clayey altered rock
图 13 不同含水量黏土化蚀变岩滑带土的环剪试验曲线
a.含水率10%；b.含水率15%；c.含水率20%
Fig. 13. Ring shear test curves of sliding zone soil composed of clayey altered rock with different water contents
表 1 黏土化蚀变岩的粘土矿物组成及蚀变系数实验结果
Table 1. Test results of clay composition and alteration coefficient of clayey altered rocks in Sichuan-Tibet traffic corridor
编号 采样地点 蚀变岩颜色 粘土矿物相对含量(%) I/S混层比(%) 粘粒组成(mm·%) 蚀变系数(ζ) S I/S I K C < 0.005 < 0.002 BGS-01 白格滑坡上游 灰色 - - 97 3 2 - 27.8 20.8 0.71 BGS-02 白格滑坡后缘 灰色 - 4 22 - 74 90 10.0 5.9 0.65 BG01-01 白格滑坡滑带土 灰色 - 36 55 4 5 53 22.0 13.6 0.85 BG01-02 白格滑坡滑带土 灰色 - 4 22 - 74 90 8.7 5.4 0.64 BS-01 八宿县城东侧 灰绿色 - - 96 2 2 8.4 6.4 0.68 BS-02 八宿县城东侧 土黄色 56 - 23 4 17 11.4 8.9 0.72 TMDA-01 巴塘金沙江右岸 褐黄色 9 26 46 5 14 81 20.3 15.4 0.75 NJ-01 同卡镇怒江大桥 棕黄色 67* - - - - 6.4 5.4 0.44 JSJ-01 绒盖乡金沙江左岸 灰色 - 12 76 12 - 40 - - - JSJ-02 绒盖乡金沙江左岸 灰色 24 34 - 36 6 67 28.6 18.7 0.76 注：*为半定量测试结果. 
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