Advances in Degradation and Instability Mechanism of Grotto Temple Rock Mass
-
摘要: 石窟寺作为弥足珍贵的文化遗产，受内外因素的长期影响，劣化严重，失稳破坏现象频发.为更好地开展石窟文物保护，对石窟寺岩体劣化失稳方面的研究成果进行了系统梳理.在阐述石窟寺岩体劣化和破坏研究的基础上，从成岩环境与区域地质、区域环境演化、可溶盐、水环境、生物作用、洞窟形制和多因素耦合共7个方面总结了各因素作用下石窟寺岩体的劣化机制与失稳机理，指出石窟寺岩体劣化失稳的根本原因是内外因素引起的力学作用、物理作用、化学作用、生物作用的相互耦合，往往表现为岩体内部微结构产生-拓展-贯通-成网的演化过程，并导致岩体发生累积性和瞬时性破坏.石窟寺岩体的劣化失稳表现出多样性和地域差异性，研究思路可相互借鉴，并由此展望了石窟寺岩体保护在多尺度、多手段、多因素耦合和多区域联合等方面的研究需求.Abstract: As a precious cultural heritage, the grotto temples seriously deteriorate due to the long-term influence of internal and external factors, leading to instability and failure of rock mass as common occurrence. In order to better carry out the protection of grotto cultural relics, the research results on the deterioration and instability of grotto temple rock mass were systematically reviewed. On the basis of expounding the researches on the degradation and failure of grotto temple rock mass, the deterioration and instability mechanism of grotto rock mass under the action of various factors were summarized from seven aspects, which were diagenetic environment and regional geology, regional environmental evolution, soluble salt, water environment, biological action, cave shape and multi-factor coupling. It is pointed out that the fundamental reason of degradation and instability of grotto temple rock mass is the coupling effects of mechanical, physical, chemical and biological actions caused by multiple factors. These effects are often manifested as the evolution of generation, expansion, connection and network formation of the internal microstructure in rock mass, and lead to the cumulative and instantaneous failure of grotto temple rock mass. The degradation and instability of grotto temple rock mass show diversity and regional differences, and the research ideas can be used for reference. The research needs of grotto temple rock mass protection in multi-scale, multi-means, multi-factor coupling and multi-regional combination are prospected. The review can not only provide references for related research work, but also provide basis for the formulation of protection policy of grotto temples.
-
图 3 安岳圆觉洞12号窟顶板沿层理面发生剥落
Fig. 3. Roof spalling along the bedding plane of Cave 12 of Yuanjuedong, Anyue
图 4 成岩环境与区域稳定性对石窟寺稳定性的影响
Fig. 4. Influence of diagenetic environment and regional stability on stability of grotto temple
图 5 区域环境演化对石窟寺稳定性的影响
Fig. 5. Influence of regional environmental evolution on stability of grotto temple
图 6 水岩作用下石窟寺岩体的劣化破坏机理
Fig. 6. Deterioration and failure mechanism of grotto rock mass under water-rock interaction
图 7 可溶盐对岩石微观结构破坏示意图
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of rock microstructure damage by soluble salt
-
An, W. B., Wang, L. G., Chen, H., 2020. Mechanical Properties of Weathered Feldspar Sandstone after Experiencing Dry-Wet Cycles. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 6268945. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6268945 Angeli, M., Hébert, R., Menéndez, B., et al., 2010. Influence of Temperature and Salt Concentration on the Salt Weathering of a Sedimentary Stone with Sodium Sulphate. Engineering Geology, 115(3/4): 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.06.001 Bao, H., Chang, J. Y., Wu, F. Q., et al., 2015. Analysis of Strength Characteristics of Rock Mass Based on Statistical Mechanics of Rock Mass. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 36(8): 2361-2369 (in Chinese with English abstract). Bao, H., Wu, F. Q., Xi, P. C., 2016. Analysis of Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Elastic Modulus of Jointed Rock Mass Based on Statistical Constitutive Relation. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 37(9): 2505-2512, 2520 (in Chinese with English abstract). Bao, H., Zhang, K. K., Yan, C. G., et al., 2020. Excavation Damaged Zone Division and Time-Dependency Deformation Prediction: A Case Study of Excavated Rock Mass at Xiaowan Hydropower Station. Engineering Geology, 272: 105668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105668 Bian, G. G., Ma, R., 1998. Relic Corrosion by Air Pollution. Research of Environmental Sciences, 11(5): 22-25(in Chinese with English abstract). Binal, A., 2019. The Effect of Wind Pressure on Surface Erosion of Soft Rocks in Arid Regions. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78(3): 1565-1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1218-x Bobyleva, T. N., Shamaev, A. S., 2017. An Efficient Algorithm for Calculating Rheological Parameters of Layered Soil Media Composed from Elastic-Creeping Materials. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 54(4): 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-017-9462-4 Cao, J. H., Yuan, D. X., 1999. Relationship between Water Holding of Carbonate Rock and Saxicolous Algae, Lichen and Moss and Its Ecological Significance. Geochimica, 28(3): 248-256 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.1999.03.006 Cao, J. H., Yuan, D. X., Pan, G. X., et al., 2001. Preliminary Study on Biological Action in Karst Dynamic System. Earth Science Frontiers, 8(1): 203-209 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2001.01.027 Cardell, C., Rivas, T., Mosquera, M. J., et al., 2003. Patterns of Damage in Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks under Conditions Simulating Sea-Salt Weathering. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.408 Chen, H. K., Wang, R., Tang, H. M., 2003. Review on Current Situation to Study and Trend of Dangerous Rock Mass. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University, 22(3): 18-22(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2003.03.005 Chen, J., Gong, Z. T., Blume, H., et al., 2000. Biodeterioration of Constructions Induced by Lichens. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, (2): 65-74 (in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, J., Yao, S. P., Ji, J. F., et al., 2004. The History and Advances of Microbial Geochemistry. Geological Review, 50(6): 620-632 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.2004.06.013 Chen, S. H., Peng, G. R., Zhang, L., et al., 2022. Quantitative Prediction of Permeability of High Variable Ceothermal Gradient Sandstone in Baiyun Deep Water Area of Northern South China Sea. Earth Science, 47(7): 2468-2480(in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, T. Y., Zhu, B. L., 2014. Experimental Study of Physical Properties of Sandstone under the Cycling Conditions of Temperature and Humidity. Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology, 41(1): 74-78, 95(in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, W. W., Guo, Z. Q., Zhang, J. K., et al., 2018. Evaluation of Long-Term Stability of Mogao Grottoes Caves under Enhanced Loading Conditions of Tourists. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 32(4): 04018048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001190 Chen, W. C., Li, L., Shao, M. S., et al., 2017. Experimental Study on Carbonate Dissolution and Erosion Effect under Attack of Simulated Sulphuric Acid Rain. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 39(11): 2058-2067(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.11779/CJGE201711014 Cheng, Q., Zheng, T. J., 2013. Comprehensive Index Method for Predicting Earthquake-Induced Collapse Based on the Wenchuan Earthquake Experience. Journal of Natural Disasters, 22(6): 96-103 (in Chinese with English abstract). Cheng, Y. X., 2010. Cave Temple: The Signpost of the Eastward Spread of Buddhism on the Silk Road. Relics and Museology, (3): 65-67 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7954.2010.03.013 Dai, X. M., 2018. A Research on the Investigation and Protection of the Situation of Xumishan Grottoes. Studies of the Cave Temples, (1): 390-403 (in Chinese with English abstract). Deng, H. F., Zhang, H. B., Li, J. L., et al., 2018. Effect of Water-Rock Interaction on Unloading Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Sandstone. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 39(7): 2344-2352 (in Chinese with English abstract). Deng, Y., Wang, J. H., 2019. Study on Weathering Characteristics and Weathering Products of Yungang Grottoes. Research on Heritages and Preservation, 4(3): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-0913.2019.03.001 Ding, W. X., Chen, J. P., Feng, X. T., et al., 2004. Study on Weathering Characteristics of Surrounding Rock in Longmen Cavern. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 25(1): 145-148 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2004.01.031 Ding, W. X., Xu, T., Wang, H. Y., et al., 2015. Experimental Study of Mechanical Property of Limestone under Coupled Chemical Solution and Freezing-Thawing Process. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 34(5): 979-985 (in Chinese with English abstract). Duane, M. J., 2006. Coeval Biochemical and Biophysical Weathering Processes on Quaternary Sandstone Terraces South of Rabat (Temara), Northwest Morocco. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31(9): 1115-1128. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1313 Fan, W., 2016. The Mechanism Study of Rock-Broken Process by Root-Growth of Plant in Fractured Rock(Dissertation). Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing(in Chinese with English abstract). Fan, X. M., Scaringi, G., Korup, O., et al., 2019. Earthquake-Induced Chains of Geologic Hazards: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Impacts. Reviews of Geophysics, 57(2): 421-503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018rg000626 Fang, Y., Chen, X., Liu, J. H., et al., 2011. Analysis on Causes of Perilous Rocks in Yungang Grottoes. Geoscience, 25(1): 137-141 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2011.01.018 Fang, Y., Deng, C. Q., Li, H. S., 2001. Environment Geological Problems in Prevention and Cure of Weathering Diseases of Carved Stone Relics. Geoscience, 15(4): 458-461 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2001.04.018 Fang, Y., Gu, C. Q., Yan, S. J., et al., 2003. Research on the Karst Diseases of the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province. Geoscience, 17(4): 479-482 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2003.04.018 Fang, Y., Huang, Z. Y., Zhang, X. P., et al., 2015. Simulation Experimental Study on CO2 Corroding Carbonate in Longmen Grottoes. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 46(7): 2626-2634 (in Chinese with English abstract). Feng, N., 2011. Study on Deterioration Mechanism and the Conservation of Typical Brick and Stone Cultural Heritage in Moisture Circumstances(Dissertation). Jilin University, Changchun (in Chinese with English abstract). Gao, B. L., Zhang, H. X., Yang, Z. F., 2020. Crack Development Mechanism and Reinforcement Support of the Rock Roof of No. 3 Cavern in Longyou Grottoes. Journal of Engineering Geology, 28(3): 565-573 (in Chinese with English abstract). Geng, H., Zhang, S. J., Zhi, J. H., et al., 2019. Acid Solution Decreases the Compressional Wave Velocity of Sandstone from the Yungang Grottoes, Datong, China. Heritage Science, 7(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-019-0245-2 Guo, Q. L., Wang, X. D., Zhang, H. Y., et al., 2009. Damage and Conservation of the High Cliff on the Northern Area of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, China. Landslides, 6(2): 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-009-0152-9 Guo, S. F., Li, N., Yao, X. C., et al., 2017. Study on Factors and Precision Affecting the Stability of Layered Rock Slopes. China Earthquake Engineering Journal, 39(2): 362-368 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2017.02.0362 Guo, Z. Q., 2018. Stability Analysis of Dense Caves and Risk Assessment of the Dangerous Rock Body at the Southern Area of Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang(Dissertation). Lanzhou University, Lanzhou(in Chinese with English abstract). Guo, Z. Q., Chen, W. W., Zhang, J. K., et al., 2021. Seismic Responses of the Densely Distributed Caves of the Mogao Grottoes in China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 80(2): 1335-1349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-02025-0 He, D. W., Ma, D. T., Wu, Y., 2008. Variations and Deformations of Rock Masses at Northern Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and Their Reinforcement Countermeasures. Journal of Engineering Geology, 16(2): 283-288(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2008.02.026 He, J., Wang, H., Garzanti, E., 2020. Petrographic Analysis and Classification of Sand and Sandstone. Earth Science, 45(6): 2186-2198(in Chinese with English abstract). He, Y., Li, Z. Y., 2000. A Study of Geological Disease Analyses and Renovation Methods in Lingquan Temple Grotto of Henan, China. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 21(1): 56-59 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2000.01.014 He, Y., Li, Z. Y., Yang, Z. F., et al., 2001. Engineering Geology Study of Lingquansi Cave Temple, People's Republic of China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 60(1): 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640000085 Hou, J. L., Zhuang, X. L., Liu, Y. M., 2013. Analysis on Relationship between Geological Hazards and Geological Environment in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Journal of Catastrophology, 28(3): 66-72 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2013.03.013 Hu, X. S., Zhao, F. S., 2005. Simulation of Deformation and Failure of Surrounding Rock Masses of Underground Cavern in Low Ground Stress Regions with Finite Element Method. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 24(10): 1708-1714 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.10.013 Huang, J. Z., 2003. Main Damages and Preservation of the Yungang Grottoes. Journal of Yanbei Normal University, 19(5): 57-59(in Chinese with English abstract). Huang, J. Z., Wang, J. H., Gao, F., et al., 2018. Recent Progresses in Sandstone Cave Temples Conservation: A Case Study of Yungang Grottoes. Southeast Culture, (1): 15-19 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-179X.2018.01.002 Huang, J. Z., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., et al., 2021. The Water Vapor Diffusion Characteristics of Sandstone in Yungang Grottoes. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 51(3): 370-378 (in Chinese with English abstract). Huang, K. Z., 1998. Protection of Geotechnical Heritage Buildings. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Huang, W. L., Yang, Q. H., Lü, Y., et al., 2020. Relationship between Distribution Characteristics of Prehistoric Landslides and Seismic Activity along Qinling Piedmont Fault. Journal of Engineering Geology, 28(6): 1259-1271(in Chinese with English abstract). Huang, Z. Y., Fang, Y., Wang, K., et al., 2014. Study on Dynamics about Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Visitors in Longmen Grottoes. Science Technology and Engineering, 14(14): 303-306 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2014.14.061 Jiang, G. H., Guo, F., Polk, J. S., 2015. Salt Transport and Weathering Processes in a Sandstone Cultural Relic, North China. Carbonates and Evaporites, 30(1): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-014-0202-9 Jiang, H. Y., Feng, L. J., 1993. Main Diseases and Their Curing Methods of the Grottoes in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 5(2): 41-48 (in Chinese with English abstract). Jin, Z. L., Chen, G. Q., Qian, L., et al., 2009. Study on the Mechanism of Salt Damages on the Mural Paintings of Mogao Grottoes. Chemical Research and Application, 21(4): 450-454 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1656.2009.04.002 Jin, Z. L., Liu, D. D., Zhang, Y. K., et al., 2017. Salt Migrations and Damage Mechanism in Cultural Heritage Objects. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 29(5): 102-116 (in Chinese with English abstract). La Iglesia, A., Garcia del Cura, M. A., Ordoñez, S., 1994. The Physicochemical Weathering of Monumental Dolostones, Granites and Limestones; Dimension Stones of the Cathedral of Toledo (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 152(2): 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90498-7 Lan, H. X., Martin, C. D., Andersson, J. C., 2013. Evolution of In Situ Rock Mass Damage Induced by Mechanical-Thermal Loading. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 46(1): 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0248-8 Lan, H. X., Martin, C. D., Hu, B., 2010. Effect of Heterogeneity of Brittle Rock on Micromechanical Extensile Behavior during Compression Loading. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(B1): B01202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jb006496 Lan, H. X., Bao, H., Sun, W. F., et al., 2022. Multi-Scale Heterogeneity of Rock Mass and Its Mechanical Behavior. Journal of Engineering Geology, 30(1): 37-52 (in Chinese with English abstract). Li, H. M., Liang, Y. F., Chen, J. F., et al., 2018. Relationship between Pore Structural Characteristics and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Sandstone in Shendong Mining Area. Journal of Henan Polytechnic University (Natural Science), 37(4): 9-16(in Chinese with English abstract). Li, H. S., 2011. Character and Evaluation Method of Historical Rock Deterioration (Dissertation). China University of Geosciences, Beijing(in Chinese with English abstract). Li, H. S., Wang, W. F., Zhan, H. T., et al., 2015. Water in the Mogao Grottoes, China: Where It Comes from and How It is Driven. Journal of Arid Land, 7(1): 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-014-0072-y Li, J. L., 2012. The Study of Stability and Reinforcement Measures on the Rock Mass of Jinta Grottos (Dissertation). Lanzhou University, Lanzhou(in Chinese with English abstract). Li, J. Y., 1993. Some Opinions on Classification of Weathering Resistance of Fresh Rocks. Railway Standard Design, 37(5): 31-33(in Chinese with English abstract). Li, L., Tanimoto, C., 2005. Research on the Argillanceous Cement of Sandstone at Longyou Grottoes. Journal of Engineering Geology, 13(2): 189-194(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2005.02.009 Li, L., Wang, S. J., Tanimoto, C., 2008. Study of Weathering Characteristics of Sandstone at Longyou Grottoes. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 27(6): 1217-1222 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2008.06.016 Li, L. H., Yang, Z. F., Liu, J. J., 2010. The Influences of Full Filling with Water in Longyou Large Underground Caverns on the Long-Term Stability of Them. Journal of Engineering Geology, 18(Suppl. 1): 120-125(in Chinese with English abstract). Li, L. H., Yang, Z. F., Yue, Z. Q., et al., 2005. Deformation and Failure Modes and Reinforcement Methods of Ancient Cavern Group in Longyou County. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 24(12): 2018-2028 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.12.004 Li, W. J., 2006. The Relationship between Groundwater in Beigrotto Temple and the Damp Seepage of Grotto Rock Mass and the Groundwater Control Measures. Dunhuang Research, (4): 109-114, 126(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2006.04.018 Li, W. J., Wang, F. R., 2006. Treatment Technology of Rock Mass Diseases in Chinese Grottoes. Lanzhou University Press, Lanzhou(in Chinese). Li, X. P., Zhu, R. G., Zhu, W. S., 1995. The Damage Fracture Theory and Its Application in Jointed Rock Mass. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 14(3): 236-245 (in Chinese with English abstract). Li, Z., Huo, J. J., 2017. Relationship between Topography and Geological Disaster Distribution in Shanxi, Dingxiang. China Population, Resources and Environment, 27(S2): 189-192 (in Chinese with English abstract). Li, Z. X., 2002. The Rock Features of the Grottoes along the Old Silk Road and Its Consolidation in Conservation. Dunhuang Research, (4): 73-83, 112-119 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2002.04.012 Li, Z. X., 2003. Study on the Protection of Hongqing Temple Grottoes. Cultural Relics of Central China, (1): 70-76(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1731.2003.01.013 Li, Z. Y., Zhang, X. G., Li, H. S., 1995. A Study on the Weathering Disease of Stone Cultural Relics in Zhongxian, Sichuan. Earth Science, 20(4): 378-382 (in Chinese with English abstract). Lian, B., Chen, Y., Zhu, L. J., et al., 2008. Progress in the Study of the Weathering of Carbonate Rock by Microbes. Earth Science Frontiers, 15(6): 90-99 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1016/S1872-5791(09)60009-9 Liang, N. H., Liu, X. R., Ai, W. M., et al., 2011. Experiment Study on the Permeability of Fractured Rock under Unloading. China Civil Engineering Journal, 44(1): 88-92 (in Chinese with English abstract). Ling, J. M., 1994. Some Problems on Damage Mechanics of Jointed Rock Mass. Advances in Mechanics, 24(2): 257-264 (in Chinese with English abstract). Ling, J. M., Jiang, J. G., Fu, Y. S., 1992. Study on the Mechanical Characteristics of Intermittently Cracked Rock Masses with Damage Mechanics. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 11(4): 373-383 (in Chinese with English abstract). Ling, J. M., Sun, J., 1993. On Mesocrack Damage of Brittle Rocks and Its Time-Dependent Characteristics. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 12(4): 304-312 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, B. L., Peng, W. Y., Li, H. D., et al., 2020. Increase of Moisture Content in Mogao Grottoes from Artificial Sources Based on Numerical Simulations. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 45: 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.05.004 Liu, D. T., Shen, Z. Z., Xu, L. Q., et al., 2018. Experimental Studies on Influence Factors and Mechanism of Critical Water Pressure of Hydraulic Splitting in Rock Mass. Hydro-Science and Engineering, (4): 30-37 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, G. T., Hu, Y., Li, P. H., 2006. Behavior of Soaking Rock and Its Effects on Design of Arch Dam. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 25(9): 1729-1734 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2006.09.001 Liu, H. K., Zhang, S. Y., Zhang, X. X., 2017. Experimental Study of Freeze-Thaw Deterioration Specialty of Sandstone in Different Initial Moisture Content. Science Technology and Engineering, 17(26): 322-327 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2017.26.054 Liu, H. L., Wang, F., Liu, Z. J., 2017. Test and Analysis of Effects of Heavy Traffic Load-Induced Vibration on Surrounding Ancient Grottoes Architecture. China Sciencepaper, 12(13): 1472-1476, 1487 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-2783.2017.13.005 Liu, Q. S., Wei, L., Lei, G. F., et al., 2018. Experimental Study on Damage Strength of Crack Initiation and Evaluation of Brittle Parameters of Sandstone. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 40(10): 1782-1789 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Q. S., Wei, L., Liu, X. W., et al., 2017. A Revised Empirical Method for Predicting Crack Initiation Based on Griffith Strength Criterion. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 36(7): 1561-1569 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, R. Z., Zhang, B. J., Wei, G. F., et al., 2016. Research and Study of Diseases at the Yungang Grottoes. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 28(2): 101-110 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-1538.2016.02.015 Liu, R. Z., Zhang, B. J., Zhang, H., et al., 2011. Deterioration of Yungang Grottoes: Diagnosis and Research. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12(4): 494-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011.03.008 Liu, S. J., Lan, H. X., Bao, H., et al., 2022. Classification System of Typical Engineering Geological Deformation and Failure Modes in Grottoes. Earth Science (in Press)(in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, X. B., Meng, H., Wang, Y. L., et al., 2018. Water is a Critical Factor in Evaluating and Assessing Microbial Colonization and Destruction of Angkor Sandstone Monuments. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 133: 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.05.011 Liu, X. F., Guo, Z. Y., Wang, L. G., et al., 2020. Experimental Study on Physical and Mechanical Property Damage of Grotto Sandstone in Freeze-Thaw Cycle. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 35(5): 943-954 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, X. R., Xiong, F., Li, B., et al., 2020. Current Situation of Research on Failure Mechanism and Stability of Rock Slopes under Hydraulic Action. Carsologica Sinica, 39(4): 547-558 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, X. W., Liu, Q. S., Liu, J. P., et al., 2016. Experimental Study on Mechanism for Fracture Network Initiation under Complex Stress Conditions. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 35(S2): 3662-3670 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, X. W., Wu, Z., Liang, M. J., et al., 2021. Paleoearthquake Characteristics of Jiayuguan Fault and Its Seismic Risk. Earth Science, 46(10): 3796-3806 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, X. Y., Zhai, G. L., Fang, Y., et al., 2014. Impermeable Grouting Mechanism and Parameter Analysis of Fracture Rock in Longmen Grottoes. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 33(S2): 3941-3947 (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Y. R., Chen, Z. X., Zhou, L. Z., 2009. Research on Prevention Countermeasure and Main Geoenvironmental Cause of Large-Scale Ancient Sites in South China. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 28(S2): 3795-3800 (in Chinese with English abstract). Ma, S. C., 2006. Types and Shape Characteristics of Buddhist Grottoes in China—Focusing on Qiuci and Dunhuang. Dunhuang Research, (6): 43-53(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2006.06.008 Ma, Z. P., Huang, J. Z., Zhang, H., 2005. Chemical Weathering of Carbonate Cement in Sandstone and the Related Cultural Relic Diseases in Yungang Grottoes. Carsologica Sinica, 24(1): 71-76, 82 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2005.01.011 Machill, S., Althaus, K., Krumbein, W. E., et al., 1997. Identification of Organic Compounds Extracted from Black Weathered Surfaces of Saxonean Sandstones, Correlation with Atmospheric Input and Rock Inhabiting Microflora. Organic Geochemistry, 27(1/2): 79-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(97)00041-7 Man, J., Chen, W. W., Sun, G. J., 2009. Study on the New Reinforcement Measure Used for Reinforcing Folium on the Top of Grottoes. Dunhuang Research, (6): 21-25, 121, 127 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2009.06.005 Meng, Z. G., He, M. C., Tao, Z. G., et al., 2020. Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling and Roof Deformation Analysis of Yuanjue Cave Based on Point Cloud Data. Advances in Civil Engineering, (4): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8825015 Meng, Z. P., Lu, P. Q., He, X. H., 2009. Depositinonal Structure Planes and Their Influence on the Mechanical Properties of Sedimentary Rock Mass. Coal Geology & Exploration, 37(1): 33-37 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.2009.01.007 Mortensen, H., 1933. Die Salzsprengung und Ihre Bedeutung für Die Regionalklimatische Gliederung Der Wüsten. Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 79: 130-135. Mou, H. C., Yang, Z. F., Wu, F. Q., 2000. Study on Engineering Geomechanics for Preservation of Rocky Historical Relics. Seismological Press, Beijing, 1-20(in Chinese). Mutlu, O., Bobet, A., 2005. Slip Initiation on Frictional Fractures. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 72(5): 729-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2004.06.003 Pan, B. T., Huang, K. Z., 1992. Cultural Relics Protection and Environmental Geology. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan(in Chinese). Peng, N. B., Yan, Z. X., Sun, B., et al., 2013. Dynamic Responses of a Grotto under Strong Earthquake, Yungang Grottoes, Shanxi Province, China. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1558(1): 2305-2308. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4826001 Prieto, B., Silva, B., 2005. Estimation of the Potential Bioreceptivity of Granitic Rocks from Their Intrinsic Properties. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 56(4): 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2005.08.001 Qi, G., Yang, G. X., Li, B., 2011. Patterns and Mechanisms of Deformation and Failure and Strengthening Countermeasures of the Guge Kingdom Ruins Caverns in Tibet. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 41(5): 1494-1503 (in Chinese with English abstract). Qi, S. W., Wu, F. Q., Liu, C. L., et al., 2004. Engineering Geology Analysis on Stability of Slope under Earthquake. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 23(16): 2792-2797 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2004.16.024 Qian, S. F., 2003. Roof Caving Mechanism and Supporting Countermeasures in Working Face. Ground Pressure and Strata Control, 20(2): 95-96 (in Chinese with English abstract). Qiang, F., Zhao, F. S., Dang, Y. Q., 2015. Correlation Analysis between Geological Hazards and Impact Factors in Qinling-Daba Mountains of South Shaanxi Province. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science & Technology, 13(3): 557-562 (in Chinese with English abstract). Qiao, Z., Wang, F. R., Wang, J., et al., 2019. Cycling Effect on Rock Mass Properties of Mati Temple Grottoes. Science Technology and Engineering, 19(28): 64-70 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2019.28.008 Qin, Y., Wang, Y. H., Li, L. L., et al., 2016. Experimental Weathering of Weak Sandstone without Direct Water Participation by Using Sandstone from the Yungang Grottoes in Datong, China. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49(11): 4473-4478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1003-3 Qiu, R. D., Shi, Y. C., 2006. Characteristics of Seismic Disaster of Grottoes under Seismic Loading and Seismic Reinforcement. Journal of Catastrophology, 21(1): 38-42 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2006.01.008 Qu, J. J., Zhang, M. Q., Zhang, W. M., et al., 1995. A Preliminary Study on Weathering Process of Salt in Rock Body at Mogao Grottes, Dunhuang. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 15(2): 182-187, 200 (in Chinese with English abstract). Qu, J. J., Zhang, W. M., Wang, Y. P., et al., 1994. Deflation Mechanism of Mogao Grotto Rock Bodies and Their Protective Strategies. Journal of Desert Research, 14(2): 18-23 (in Chinese with English abstract). Sahouryeh, E., Dyskin, A. V., Germanovich, L. N., 2002. Crack Growth under Biaxial Compression. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 69(18): 2187-2198. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(02)00015-2 Sand, W., 1997. Microbial Mechanisms of Deterioration of Inorganic Substrates—A General Mechanistic Overview. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 40(2-4): 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0964-8305(97)00048-6 Scotti, R., Crosta, G. B., Villa, A., 2017. Destabilisation of Creeping Permafrost: The Plator Rock Glacier Case Study (Central Italian Alps). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 28(1): 224-236. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1917 Shao, Y. X., Zou, X. B., Yuan, D. Y., et al., 2021. Late Quaternary Slip along Yangguan Fault at Northeastern Section of Altyn Tagh Fault and Implications for Seismic Risk. Earth Science, 46(2): 683-696 (in Chinese with English abstract). Shi, M. F., 2011. Study on the Function and Removal of Black Scale on the Stone Carving Surface of Yungang Grottoes (Dissertation). Fudan University, Shanghai (in Chinese with English abstract). Shi, X. X., Zhang, Y. B., 2014. Influence of Rainfall Infiltration on Fractured Rock Slope Stability. Journal of University of Jinan (Science and Technology), 28(6): 429-433 (in Chinese with English abstract). Shi, Y. C., 1997. Genetic Analysis and Countermeasures for Main Deseases of Grottoes. Journal of Natural Disasters, 6(1): 104-110(in Chinese with English abstract). Shi, Y. C., Cai, H. W., Xu, H. P., 2003. Seismic Safety Evaluation Methods for Grottoes. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 22(S2): 2804-2808(in Chinese with English abstract). Shi, Y. C., Cai, H. W., Xu, H. P., et al., 2000. Methods for the Seismic Stability Evaluation of Surrounding Rock and Auxiliary Structures of Grottoes. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 22(1): 83-89(in Chinese with English abstract). Shi, Y. C., Fu, C. H., Wang, L. M., 2006. Numerical Simulation Analysis of Mechanism of Seismic Deformation Damage of Country Rock of Grottoes. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 27(4): 543-548(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2006.04.007 Song, J. F., Ru, J. X., Zhang, H. G., et al., 2019. Research Progress on Lichens, Lichenic Acids, Rock and Mineral Weathering and Its Mechanisms. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 43(4): 169-177(in Chinese with English abstract). Sun, B., Peng, N. B., Wang, F. R., 2012. Seismic Dynamic Responses of No. 19 Grotto's West Side Cave of Yungang Grottoes. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 47(4): 573-579(in Chinese with English abstract). Sun, J. Z., Tian, X. F., Guan, X. D., et al., 2008. Stability Analysis for Loosened Rock Slope of Jinyang Grand Buddha in Taiyuan, China. Earth Science Frontiers, 15(4): 227-238(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1016/S1872-5791(08)60058-5 Tang, Z. L., 2013. Consolidation Grouting Stone in the Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites of Yungang Grottoes Research (Dissertation). Jilin University, Changchun (in Chinese with English abstract). Teng, G. L., Chen, Y. M., Shi, Y. C., et al., 2013. A Study on the Influencing Factors of Joint Rock Slope Stability under Earthquake Activity. China Earthquake Engineering Journal, 35(1): 119-125 (in Chinese with English abstract). Theoulakis, P., Moropoulou, A., 1997. Microstructural and Mechanical Parameters Determining the Susceptibility of Porous Building Stones to Salt Decay. Construction and Building Materials, 11(1): 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(96)00029-3 Tian, X. F., Sun, J. Z., Jiang, J., et al., 2007. Seismic Stability of Loosened Rock Slope of Grand Buddha Rock Mass in West Jinyang Mountain in Taiyuan. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 26(S1): 3432-3437 (in Chinese with English abstract). Tian, X. F., Sun, J. Z., Liu, Y. Q., 2010. Rock Mass Weathering Grading of Jinyang Grand Buddha. Geology and Exploration, 46(4): 722-727 (in Chinese with English abstract). Uchida, E., Ogawa, Y., Maeda, N., et al., 2000. Deterioration of Stone Materials in the Angkor Monuments, Cambodia. Engineering Geology, 55(1/2): 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(99)00110-6 van Breemen, N., Finlay, R., Lundström, U., et al., 2000. Mycorrhizal Weathering: A True Case of Mineral Plant Nutrition?Biogeochemistry, 49(1): 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006256231670 Wang, C., Wang, M. P., Bai, C. B., et al., 2015. The New Developments of the Researches on the Biological Weathering of the Open-Air Stone Cultural Relics. Relics and Museology, (2): 86-91 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7954.2015.02.016 Wang, C., Xie, Z. B., Guo, J. B., et al., 2017. Research on the Weathering Mechanism of Stone Carvings on Leshan Mahao Cliff Tomb. Dunhuang Research, (6): 172-181 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, D. Y., Fu, L. S., Yao, J. S., et al., 1993a. Weathering Status and Controlling Factors of Rock Mass in Beishan Grottoes. Journal of Chongqing Architecture University, 15(1): 81-86(in Chinese). Wang, D. Y., Zhang, Z. X., Fu, L. S., et al., 1993b. The Characteristics of Water Seepage and Its Destructive Effect to the Statue Rockmass in Bei Shan Grotto, Dazu, Sichuan. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 20(6): 39-44 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, D. Y., Zhang, Z. X., Fu, L. S., et al., 1994. Analyses of Factors Affecting Destruction of Rockmass by Weathering in Baodingshan Grotto. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2(2): 54-65 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, F. R., Cui, H. P., Sun, B., et al., 2017. Study on Variation of Rainfall and Relative Humidity of Caves in the Beishiku Cave Temple. Science Technology and Engineering, 17(15): 176-180 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2017.15.026 Wang, F. R., Xiao, B., 2011. Stability Study of the Rock from Cave 165 in the Beishiku Cave Temple. Dunhuang Research, (6): 65-69, 127 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2011.06.012 Wang, H. J., Ma, L., 2019. Study on Sediment Environment and Rock Mechanics Characteristics of the Delta Plain of Jurassic Coalfield in Northern Shaanxi. Coal Geology & Exploration, 47(3): 61-69 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, H. T., 1990. Influence of Temperature Difference on Binglingsi Grottoes. Journal of Dunhuang Studies, (2): 106-111 (in Chinese). Wang, J., Li, Y., Song, W. D., et al., 2019. Analysis of Damage Evolution Characteristics of Jointed Rock Mass with Different Joint Dip Angles. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 51(8): 143-150 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, J. H., Chen, J. Q., 2018. Current Status and Future Development of Cave Temples Protection in China. Southeast Culture, (1): 6-14, 127 (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, J. H., Huo, X. T., 2021. A Discussion on the Key Scientific and Technological Issues in Cave Temples Protection. Southeast Culture, (1): 6-13 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-179X.2021.01.001 Wang, J. H., Yan. S. J., Ren, W. Z., et al., 2013. Study on Stability Analysis and Evaluation System of Grotto Rock Mass Structure. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan (in Chinese). Wang, K. P., Xu, G. L., Li, S. T., et al., 2018. Geo-Environmental Characteristics of Weathering Deterioration of Red Sandstone Relics: A Case Study in Tongtianyan Grottoes, Southern China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 77(4): 1515-1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1128-y Wang, W. F., Dong, Z. B., Wang, T., et al., 2006. The Equilibrium Gravel Coverage of the Deflated Gobi above the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, China. Environmental Geology, 50(7): 1077-1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0281-6 Wang, X., 2020. Damage Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Grottoes(Dissertation). Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an(in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, X. D., 2007. The Condition and Tasks about the Conservation of Grottoes and Earthen Architecture Sites at Northwest China. Dunhuang Research, (5): 6-11, 112(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2007.05.002 Wang, X. D., Guo, Q. L., Fan, Y. Q., et al., 2015. Multi-Field Coupling Equipment for Research on the Weathering Mechanism of Rock and Earthen Relics. Dunhuang Research, (5): 103-110(in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, X. D., Zhang, J. K., Sun, M. L., et al., 2018. Study on the Ancient Wisdom in the Excavation of Caves in the South Area of Mogao Grottoes. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 37(S2): 4207-4220(in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, X. L., 1992. Preliminary Study on Weathering and Protection of Zhongshan Grottoes. Relics and Museolgy, (1): 86-90(in Chinese with English abstract). Weng, L. Q., Yang, H. F., Wang, F. R., et al., 2011. Research on Characterization of Sandstone Weathering of Yungang Grottoes. Materials Review, 25(S2): 425-428(in Chinese with English abstract). Wu, Y. Q., 1999. Groundwater Flow and Geological Hazards. Underground Space, 19(4): 303-310, 316-339(in Chinese with English abstract). Xie, L. N., Zhang, B. J., 2020. An Inorganic Magnesium-Based Consolidant for the Consolidation of Silica Sand (a Substitute for Weathered Sandstone): A Preliminary Exploration. Studies in Conservation, 65(7): 424-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2019.1682269 Xie, Z. B., Guo, J. B., Chen, X. D., 2014. Experimental Study on the Influence of External Factors on the Weathering of Cliff Tomb Stone Carvings. Sichuan Cultural Relics, (1): 54-62(in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, F. G., Gao, S. X., 2008. Effect of Air Pollution on Calcareous Cultural Relics and New Defending Materials. Environmental Science & Technology, 31(3): 35-38(in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, F. Y., Wu, L. M., Xie, Y. L., et al., 2012. Study of Methods for Temperature and Humidity Evaluation in Museum Environments. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 24(S1): 6-12(in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, S. Y., 1993. Preliminary Study on the Salt Weathering Processin in Arid Area. Arid Land Geography, 16(2): 14-20(in Chinese with English abstract). Yan, S. J., Chen, J. Q., Dou, Y., et al., 2015. Characteristics of Yungang Grottoes Sandstone and Weathering Simulation Tests. Geoscience, 29(2): 442-447(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2015.02.031 Yan, S. J., Fang, Y., Liu, J. H., et al., 2013a. Deterioration Experiment with Soluble Salt on Sandstone of Yungang Grottoes and Its Model Creation. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 34(12): 3410-3416(in Chinese with English abstract). Yan, S. J., Tan, S. E., Liu, J. H., et al., 2013b. Acid-Induced Degradation of Sand Rock in Yungang Grottoes. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 30(9): 64-68(in Chinese with English abstract). Yan, S. J., Fang, Y., Sun, B., et al., 2005. Influence of Water Permeation and Analysis of Treatment for the Longmen Grottoes. Geoscience, 19(3): 475-478(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2005.03.022 Yan, S. J., Tian, S. Y., Chen, J. P., et al., 2018. Deterioration Experiments for Oolitic Limestone of the Longmen Grottoes. Dunhuang Research, (3): 38-43(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, H. H., 2017. On the Evolvement and Characteristics of Architectural Forms of Mogao Caves at Dunhuang. Journal of Shihezi University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 31(3): 68-75(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, H. H., Wang, Q. H., 2022. The Architectural Form and Structural Characteristics of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 52(2): 199-212(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, H. M., Qiu, J. T., Yu, L., et al., 2019. Spectral Characteristics of Chemically Weathered Sandstones in the Yungang Grottoes, China. Studies in Conservation, 64(2): 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2018.1482707 Yang, H. N., 2003. Preliminary Study on Disease Causes and Protection Measures of Qianfo Temple Grottoes in Xun County. Cultural Relics of Central China, (5): 82-84(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1731.2003.05.014 Yang, H. Q., Liu, J. F., Liu, B. L., 2018. Investigation on the Cracking Character of Jointed Rock Mass beneath TBM Disc Cutter. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 51(4): 1263-1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1395-8 Yang, H. R., Liu, P., Sun, B., et al., 2021. Study on Damage Mechanisms of the Microstructure of Sandy Conglomerate at Maijishan Grottoes under Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 40(3): 545-555(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, L. L., Wang, Z. S., Zhou, L. Y., et al., 2012. Response and Bioindicator of Bryophyte and Lichen as Cryptogamae Plants to Environmental Change. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 36(3): 137-143(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, Q. C., Yao, C. M., Liu, S. J., et al., 2015. Correlation Analysis of Geological Hazards and Topography in Hilly Areas in Shandong Province. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 26(2): 93-96(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, S. Q., Liu, X. R., Li, Y. S., 2012. Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Behavior of Sandstone Containing Hole and Fissure under Uniaxial Compression. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 31(S2): 3539-3546(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, S. Q., Lü, C. H., Qu, T., 2009. Investigations of Crack Expansion in Marble Having a Single Pre-Existing Hole: Experiment and Simulations. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 38(6): 774-781(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-1964.2009.06.004 Yang, T. Y., Liu, Y. Y., 2018. The Rock Mass Unloading Cracks of Leshan Giant Buddha and Their Influence. Journal of Ezhou University, 25(2): 106-109(in Chinese with English abstract). Yang, Y. Z., He, X. Y., Kang, Y. M., et al., 2018. Weathering Characteristics of the Sandstone of Rock Painting in Helan Mountain by Dry-Wet Cycles. Science Technology and Engineering, 18(7): 31-37(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2018.07.006 Yuan, J. X., 1993. Rock Damage Problems. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 14(1): 1-31(in Chinese with English abstract). Zeng, L., Fu, H. Y., He, W., et al., 2013. Effects of Rainfall Infiltration Factors on Stability of Carbonaceous Mudstone Embankment Slope. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, 30(3): 39-44, 58 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0268.2013.03.007 Zeng, X. J., 2018. Laboratory Evaluation and Research on Desalination Effect of Sandstone Stone Cultural Relics Materials (Dissertation). Northwest University, Xi'an (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, A., Fang, Y., Xu, M., et al., 2012. Simulation Experiment for Weathering of Culture Relic on Carbonate Rock Palisades in Longmen Grottoes. Carsologica Sinica, 31(3): 227-233(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-4810.2012.03.001 Zhang, B. F., 2018. Study on the Mechanism of Fissure Water Disease in Sichuan Grottoes: A Case Study of the Buddha-Lying Area in Dafo Bay of Dazu Stone Carving. China Cultural Heritage, (4): 27-34(in Chinese). Zhang, C. Y., 2002. The Analysis of Rock Mass Fatigue Effect under Vibration Environment in Luoyang Longmen Grottoes. Acta Scicentiarum Naturalum Universitis Pekinesis, 38(6): 809-816(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, C. Y., 2003. The Effect on the Rock Mass Stability Due to Hydro-Occurrence Environment in Longmen Grottoes of Luoyang. Acta Scicentiarum Naturalum Universitis Pekinesis, 39(6): 829-834(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, G. J., Li, Z. X., 2005. The Threats of the Precipice Body of the Northern Area of Mogao Grottoes. Dunhuang Research, (4): 71-74, 116(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2005.04.013 Zhang, H., Shi, M. F., Shen, W., et al., 2013. Damage or Protection? The Role of Smoked Crust on Sandstones from Yungang Grottoes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(2): 935-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.031 Zhang, J. F., 2008. Decay Mechanism of Stone Monuments. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 20(2): 60-67(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-1538.2008.02.012 Zhang, J. K., Liang, X. Z., Ye, F., et al., 2018. Study on Weathering Characteristics of Rock Mass along Depth Direction of Cliff Located at North of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. Journal of Engineering Geology, 26(6): 1499-1507(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, J. K., Zhang, L. X., Guo, Q. L., et al., 2021. The Relationship between Weathering Characteristics of the Sandstone Surface and Lithology of the North Grottoes at Qingyang. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 51(3): 344-352(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, M. Q., Wen, L. L., Wang, X. D., et al., 2009. Impact of Construction Vibration on Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 28(S2): 3762-3768(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, M. Q., Zhang, H. Y., Zeng, Z. Z., et al., 1997. Analyses of the Main Environment Problems in Preservation of Mogao, Grottoes Dunhuang. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 11(1): 34-38(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, M. T., Wang, E. D., Li, B., et al., 2021. Study on the Geological Damage Mechanism of the Stone Cultural Relics in Yungang Grottoes. Journal of Liaoning Technical University (Natural Science), 40(3): 220-224(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, N., Wang, S. B., Zhao, F. F., et al., 2018. Review on Study of Interaction between Soft Rock and Water. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, 49(7): 1-7(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, Q. Z., Shen, M. R., Jang, B. A., et al., 2016. Creep Behavior of Rocks with Rough Surfaces. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(9): 04016063. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001557 Zhang, Y., Wu, F. S., Su, M., et al., 2019. Research Progress on the Bioweathering and Controlling of Stone Cultural Relics. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(11): 3980-3990(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, Z. D., Wang, J. L., He, X., et al., 2006. Discussion on the Forming Conditions and Countermeasures of Geological Hazards in Shaanxi Province. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 34(22): 5951-5953(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2006.22.092 Zhang, Z. X., Wang, D. Y., Fu, L. S., et al., 1993. Formation of Weathered Product and Destroying Effect of an Ancient Grotto in Beishan. Journal of Chongqing Architecture University, 15(3): 67-75(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhao, M., Fang, Y., Cheng, B., et al., 2016. Statistical Analysis on the Mechanism of Cracking of the Huashan Rock Paintings. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology, 28(2): 24-31(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-1538.2016.02.004 Zhao, Y. B., Tan, S. E., 2012. Study on Engineering Geological Characteristics of Sandstone in Kutula Grottoes. Yangtze River, 43(S1): 58-59(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhao, Y. X., Wang, A. J., Zhang, J., et al., 2002. Study on the Characteristics of and Effect on the Stone-Carvings of Nanxiangtang Grotto. Research of Environmental Sciences, 15(6): 12-16(in Chinese with English abstract). Zheng, Y. R., Ye, H. L., Huang, R. Q., et al., 2010. Study on the Seismic Stability Analysis of a Slope. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 30(2): 173-180(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhou, H., Liao, X., Chen, S. K., et al., 2022. Rockburst Risk Assessment of Deep Lying Tunnels Based on Combination Weight and Unascertained Measure Theory: A Case Study of Sangzhuling Tunnel on Sichuan-Tibet Traffic Corridor. Earth Science, 47(6): 2130-2148(in Chinese with English abstract). Zhou, Y. F., Lu, X. C., Wang, R. C., et al., 2008. Recent Progress in the Study of Microbiomineralogy of Feldspar. Advances in Earth Science, 23(1): 17-23(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-8166.2008.01.003 Zhu, J. W., Chang, Z. H., Liu, E. C., et al., 2009. Failure Causes and Reinforcement Countermeasures for No. 1 Grotto of Longyou Grottoes. Journal of Engineering Geology, 17(1): 126-132(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2009.01.019 Zhu, Q. Z., Kondo, D., Shao, J. F., et al., 2008. Micromechanical Modelling of Anisotropic Damage in Brittle Rocks and Application. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 45(4): 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.07.014 Zhu, R. C., 2010. A Quantitative Study on Classification of Unload Zones along Rock Mass Side Slope. Railway Investigation and Surveying, 36(5): 46-50(in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-7479.2010.05.014 Zong, J. T., 2011. Study on Environmental Geological Problems of the Protection of Stone Cultural Relics on the Cliff of Thousand Buddha Cliffs in Guangyuan (Dissertation). Northwest University, Xi'an (in Chinese with English abstract). 包含, 常金源, 伍法权, 等, 2015. 基于统计岩体力学的岩体强度特征分析. 岩土力学, 36(8): 2361-2369. doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2015.08.032 包含, 伍法权, 郗鹏程, 2016. 基于统计本构关系的岩体弹性模量特征及影响因素分析. 岩土力学, 37(9): 2505-2512, 2520. doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2016.09.010 边归国, 马荣, 1998. 大气环境污染对文物古迹的影响. 环境科学研究, 11(5): 22-25. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-6929.1998.05.008 曹建华, 袁道先, 1999. 石生藻类、地衣、苔藓与碳酸盐岩持水性及生态意义. 地球化学, 28(3): 248-256. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.1999.03.006 曹建华, 袁道先, 潘根兴, 等, 2001. 岩溶动力系统中的生物作用机理初探. 地学前缘, 8(1): 203-209. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2001.01.027 陈洪凯, 王蓉, 唐红梅, 2003. 危岩研究现状及趋势综述. 重庆交通学院学报, 22(3): 18-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0696.2003.03.005 陈杰, 龚子同, Hans-Peter Blume, 等, 2000. 地衣对建筑物的生物破坏作用. 环境污染治理技术与设备, 1 (2): 65-74. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJJZ200002011.htm 陈骏, 姚素平, 季峻峰, 等, 2004. 微生物地球化学及其研究进展. 地质论评, 50(6): 620-632. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.2004.06.013 陈淑慧, 彭光荣, 张丽, 等, 2022. 南海北部白云深水区高变地温梯度砂岩渗透率定量预测. 地球科学, 47(7): 2468-2480. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2022.239 陈棠茵, 朱宝龙, 2014. 温度、湿度循环条件下砂岩物理特性试验研究. 水文地质工程地质, 41(1): 74-78, 95. doi: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.2014.01.008 陈卫昌, 李黎, 邵明申, 等, 2017. 酸雨作用下碳酸盐岩类文物的溶蚀过程与机理. 岩土工程学报, 39(11): 2058-2067. doi: 10.11779/CJGE201711014 程强, 郑同健, 2013. 基于汶川地震经验的地震崩塌失稳预测综合指标法. 自然灾害学报, 22(6): 96-103. doi: 10.13577/j.jnd.2003.0613 程云霞, 2010. 石窟寺: 丝绸之路佛教东传的路标. 文博, (3): 65-67. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7954.2010.03.013 代学明, 2018. 须弥山石窟文物现状调查及保护初探. 石窟寺研究, (1): 390-403. 邓华锋, 张恒宾, 李建林, 等, 2018. 水-岩作用对砂岩卸荷力学特性及微观结构的影响. 岩土力学, 39(7): 2344-2352. doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2017.0607 邓云, 王金华, 2019. 云冈石窟风化特征与风化产物研究. 遗产与保护研究, 4(3): 1-5. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-0913.2019.03.001 丁梧秀, 陈建平, 冯夏庭, 等, 2004. 洛阳龙门石窟围岩风化特征研究. 岩土力学, 25(1): 145-148. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2004.01.031 丁梧秀, 徐桃, 王鸿毅, 等, 2015. 水化学溶液及冻融耦合作用下灰岩力学特性试验研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 34(5): 979-985. doi: 10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2014.0349 樊维, 2016. 裂隙岩体植物根劈作用机理研究(硕士学位论文). 重庆: 重庆交通大学. 方云, 陈星, 刘俊红, 等, 2011. 云冈石窟危岩发育的成因分析. 现代地质, 25(1): 137-141. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2011.01.018 方云, 邓长青, 李宏松, 2001. 石质文物风化病害防治的环境地质问题. 现代地质, 15(4): 458-461. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2001.04.018 方云, 顾成权, 严绍军, 等, 2003. 河南洛阳龙门石窟溶蚀病害机理的研究. 现代地质, 17(4): 479-482. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2003.04.018 方云, 黄志义, 张新鹏, 等, 2015. CO2劣化龙门石窟碳酸盐岩的机理模拟试验研究. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 46(7): 2626-2634. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGD201507033.htm 冯楠, 2011. 潮湿环境下砖石类文物风化机理与保护方法研究(博士学位论文). 长春: 吉林大学. 高丙丽, 张海祥, 杨志法, 2020. 龙游石窟3号洞窟顶板裂缝发育机理及加固支护研究. 工程地质学报, 28(3): 565-573. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ202003014.htm 郭双枫, 李宁, 姚显春, 等, 2017. 层状岩质边坡稳定性影响因素及精度问题研究. 地震工程学报, 39(2): 362-368. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2017.02.0362 郭志谦, 2018. 敦煌莫高窟南区密集洞窟群稳定性及危岩体风险评估(博士学位论文). 兰州: 兰州大学. 何德伟, 马东涛, 吴杨, 2008. 敦煌莫高窟北区岩体变异变形及修复对策. 工程地质学报, 16(2): 283-288. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2008.02.026 何杰, 王华, Eduardo Garzanti, 2020. 砂岩(砂)的岩相分析和分类标准. 地球科学, 45(6): 2186-2198. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2019.217 何燕, 李智毅, 2000. 关于河南灵泉寺石窟地质病害及整治方法的研究. 岩土力学, 21(1): 56-59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2000.01.014 侯俊琳, 庄晓玲, 刘怡敏, 2013. 内蒙古自治区地质灾害与地质环境的关系分析. 灾害学, 28(3): 66-72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2013.03.013 胡夏嵩, 赵法锁, 2005. 低地应力区地下洞室围岩变形破坏有限元数值模拟研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 24(10): 1708-1714. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.10.013 黄继忠, 2003. 云冈石窟主要病害及治理. 雁北师范学院学报, 19(5): 57-59. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YBSF200305018.htm 黄继忠, 王金华, 高峰, 等, 2018. 砂岩类石窟寺保护新进展: 以云冈石窟保护研究新成果为例. 东南文化, (1): 15-19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-179X.2018.01.002 黄继忠, 郑伊, 张悦, 等, 2021. 云冈石窟砂岩水汽扩散特性研究. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 51(3): 370-378. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDZ202103006.htm 黄克忠, 1998. 岩土文物建筑的保护. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社. 黄伟亮, 杨虔灏, 吕艳, 等, 2020. 秦岭北麓古滑坡分布特征与地震活动关系研究. 工程地质学报, 28(6): 1259-1271. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ202006012.htm 黄志义, 方云, 王凯, 等, 2014. 龙门石窟游客数量与二氧化碳浓度动态变化规律研究. 科学技术与工程, 14(14): 303-306. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2014.14.061 姜怀英, 冯丽娟, 1993. 新疆石窟的主要病害及其治理方针. 文物保护与考古科学, 5(2): 41-48. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF199302007.htm 靳治良, 陈港泉, 钱玲, 等, 2009. 基于莫高窟成盐元素相关系探究壁画盐害作用机理. 化学研究与应用, 21(4): 450-454. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-1656.2009.04.002 靳治良, 刘端端, 张永科, 等, 2017. 盐分在文物本体中的迁移及毁损机理. 文物保护与考古科学, 29(5): 102-116. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF201705018.htm 兰恒星, 包含, 孙巍锋, 等, 2022. 岩体多尺度异质性及其力学行为. 工程地质学报, 30(1): 37-52. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ202201003.htm 李宏松, 2011. 文物岩石材料劣化特征及评价方法(博士学位论文). 北京: 中国地质大学. 李化敏, 梁亚飞, 陈江峰, 等, 2018. 神东矿区砂岩孔隙结构特征及与其物理力学性质的关系. 河南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 37(4): 9-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JGXB201804002.htm 李家钰, 1993. 新鲜岩石抗风化能力分级若干意见. 铁道标准设计, 37(5): 31-33. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TDBS199305010.htm 李金龙, 2012. 金塔寺石窟寺岩体稳定性分析与加固措施(硕士学位论文). 兰州: 兰州大学. 李黎, 谷本親伯, 2005. 龙游石窟砂岩的泥质胶结物研究. 工程地质学报, 13(2): 189-194. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2005.02.009 李黎, 王思敬, 谷本親伯, 2008. 龙游石窟砂岩风化特征研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 27(6): 1217-1222. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2008.06.016 李丽慧, 杨志法, 刘建立, 2010. 充水对龙游大型古地下洞室群长期稳定性影响的研究. 工程地质学报, 18(增刊1): 120-125. https://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-GCDZ201011001024.htm 李丽慧, 杨志法, 岳中琦, 等, 2005. 龙游大型古洞室群变形破坏方式及加固方法研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 24(12): 2018-2028. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-6915.2005.12.004 李文军, 2006. 北石窟寺地下水与石窟寺岩体潮湿渗水的关系及地下水治理措施. 敦煌研究, (4): 109-114, 126. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2006.04.018 李文军, 王逢睿, 2006. 中国石窟寺岩体病害治理技术. 兰州: 兰州大学出版社. 李新平, 朱瑞赓, 朱维申, 1995. 裂隙岩体的损伤断裂理论与应用. 岩石力学与工程学报, 14(3): 236-245. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX503.005.htm 李智, 霍俊杰, 2017. 山西定襄县地形地貌与地质灾害分布关系分析. 中国人口·资源与环境, 27(增刊2): 189-192. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGRZ2017S2047.htm 李智毅, 张咸恭, 李宏松, 1995. 忠县地面石质文物的风化病害研究. 地球科学, 20(4): 378-382. http://www.earth-science.net/article/id/234 李中翔, 2003. 鸿庆寺石窟保护研究. 中原文物, (1): 70-76. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-1731.2003.01.013 李最雄, 2002. 丝绸之路石窟的岩石特征及加固. 敦煌研究, (4): 73-83, 112-119. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2002.04.012 连宾, 陈烨, 朱立军, 等, 2008. 微生物对碳酸盐岩的风化作用. 地学前缘, 15(6): 90-99. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2008.06.012 梁宁慧, 刘新荣, 艾万民, 等, 2011. 裂隙岩体卸荷渗透规律试验研究. 土木工程学报, 44(1): 88-92. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TMGC201101016.htm 凌建明, 1994. 节理裂隙岩体损伤力学研究中的若干问题. 力学进展, 24(2): 257-264. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LXJZ402.010.htm 凌建明, 蒋爵光, 傅永胜, 1992. 非贯通裂隙岩体力学特性的损伤力学分析. 岩石力学与工程学报, 11(4): 373-383. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX199204005.htm 凌建明, 孙钧, 1993. 脆性岩石的细观裂纹损伤及其时效特征. 岩石力学与工程学报, 12(4): 304-312. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX199304001.htm 刘得潭, 沈振中, 徐力群, 等, 2018. 岩体水力劈裂临界水压力影响因素及机理研究. 水利水运工程学报, (4): 30-37. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SLSY201804005.htm 刘光廷, 胡昱, 李鹏辉, 2006. 软岩遇水软化膨胀特性及其对拱坝的影响. 岩石力学与工程学报, 25(9): 1729-1734. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX200609000.htm 刘海康, 张思渊, 张鑫鑫, 2017. 不同初始含水率下砂岩冻融劣化特性试验研究. 科学技术与工程, 17(26): 322-327. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXJS201726054.htm 刘鸿琳, 汪峰, 刘章军, 2017. 危桥车辆振动对邻近景观石窟动力影响测试分析. 中国科技论文, 12(13): 1472-1476, 1487. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZKZX201713005.htm 刘泉声, 魏莱, 雷广峰, 等, 2018. 砂岩裂纹起裂损伤强度及脆性参数演化试验研究. 岩土工程学报, 40(10): 1782-1789. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YTGC201810005.htm 刘泉声, 魏莱, 刘学伟, 等, 2017. 基于Griffith强度理论的岩石裂纹起裂经验预测方法研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 36(7): 1561-1569. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX201707001.htm 刘仁植, 张秉坚, 魏国锋, 等, 2016. 云冈石窟的污染物病害调查研究. 文物保护与考古科学, 28(2): 101-110. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF201602018.htm 刘世杰, 兰恒星, 包含, 等, 2022. 石窟寺典型工程地质变形破坏模式及分类体系. 地球科学(待刊). 刘向峰, 郭子钰, 王来贵, 等, 2020. 冻融循环作用下石窟砂岩物理力学性质损伤规律研究. 实验力学, 35(5): 943-954. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYLX202005024.htm 刘祥友, 翟国林, 方云, 等, 2014. 龙门石窟寺岩体裂隙防渗注浆机制及参数分析. 岩石力学与工程学报, 33(S2): 3941-3947. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2014S2070.htm 刘新荣, 熊飞, 李滨, 等, 2020. 水力作用下岩质斜坡破坏机制和稳定性分析研究现状. 中国岩溶, 39(4): 547-558. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGYR202004010.htm 刘兴旺, 吴赵, 梁明剑, 等, 2021. 嘉峪关断裂古地震活动特征及其强震危险性影响. 地球科学, 46(10): 3796-3806. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.391 刘学伟, 刘泉声, 刘建平, 等, 2016. 复杂应力条件下裂隙网络扩展机制试验研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 35(增刊2): 3662-3670. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2016S2025.htm 刘佑荣, 陈中行, 周丽珍, 2009. 中国南方大型古遗址主要环境地质病害及其防治对策研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 28(增刊2): 3795-3800. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2009S2076.htm 马世长, 2006. 中国佛教石窟的类型和形制特征: 以龟兹和敦煌为中心. 敦煌研究, (6): 43-53. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DHYJ200606008.htm 马在平, 黄继忠, 张洪, 2005. 云冈石窟砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物化学风化及相关文物病害研究. 中国岩溶, 24(1): 71-76, 82. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGYR200501011.htm 满君, 谌文武, 孙光吉, 2009. 濒危薄型窟顶石窟加固新技术的应用研究. 敦煌研究, (6): 21-25, 121, 127. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DHYJ200906008.htm 孟召平, 陆鹏庆, 贺小黑, 2009. 沉积结构面及其对岩体力学性质的影响. 煤田地质与勘探, 37(1): 33-37. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-MDKT200901008.htm 牟会宠, 杨志法, 伍法权, 2000. 石质文物保护的工程地质力学研究. 北京: 地震出版社. 潘别桐, 黄克忠, 1992. 文物保护与环境地质. 武汉: 中国地质大学出版社. 齐干, 杨国兴, 李兵, 2011. 西藏古格王国遗址洞窟变形破坏模式、机制及加固对策. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 41(5): 1494-1503. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCDZ201105025.htm 祁生文, 伍法权, 刘春玲, 等, 2004. 地震边坡稳定性的工程地质分析. 岩石力学与工程学报, 23(16): 2792-2797. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX200416024.htm 钱四发, 2003. 回采工作面顶板冒落机理与支护对策. 矿山压力与顶板管理, 20(2): 95-96. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KSYL200302038.htm 强菲, 赵法锁, 党亚倩, 2015. 陕南秦巴山区地质灾害与影响因素的相关性分析. 南水北调与水利科技, 13(3): 557-562. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NSBD201503035.htm 乔榛, 王逢睿, 王捷, 等, 2019. 循环作用对马蹄寺石窟群岩体性能的影响. 科学技术与工程, 19(28): 64-70. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXJS201928010.htm 秋仁东, 石玉成, 2006. 地震荷载作用下石窟的震害特征及抗震加固. 灾害学, 21(1): 38-42. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZHXU200601007.htm 屈建军, 张明泉, 张伟民, 等, 1995. 敦煌莫高窟岩体盐风化过程的初步研究. 地理科学, 15(2): 182-187, 200. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLKX199502010.htm 屈建军, 张伟民, 王远萍, 等, 1994. 敦煌莫高窟岩体风蚀机理及其防护对策的研究. 中国沙漠, 14(2): 18-23. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGSS402.002.htm 邵延秀, 邹小波, 袁道阳, 等, 2021. 阿尔金断裂东北段敦煌阳关断裂晚第四纪活动性及其强震危险性影响分析. 地球科学, 46(2): 683-696. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.082 石美风, 2011. 云冈石窟石雕表面黑垢的作用及其清除研究(硕士学位论文). 上海: 复旦大学. 石玉成, 1997. 石窟文物病害成因分析及其对策研究. 自然灾害学报, 6(1): 104-110. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZRZH701.015.htm 石玉成, 蔡红卫, 徐晖平, 2003. 石窟文物抗震安全评价方法研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 22(增刊2): 2804-2808. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2003S2055.htm 石玉成, 蔡红卫, 徐晖平, 等, 2000. 石窟围岩及其附属构筑物地震稳定性评价方法研究. 西北地震学报, 22(1): 83-89. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZBDZ200001016.htm 石玉成, 付长华, 王兰民, 2006. 石窟围岩地震变形破坏机制的数值模拟分析. 岩土力学, 27(4): 543-548. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YTLX200604006.htm 史绪鑫, 张永彬, 2014. 降雨入渗对裂隙岩质边坡稳定性的影响. 济南大学学报(自然科学版), 28(6): 429-433. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDJC201406007.htm 宋金凤, 汝佳鑫, 张红光, 等, 2019. 地衣和地衣酸与岩石矿物风化及其机制研究进展. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 43(4): 169-177. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY201904023.htm 孙博, 彭宁波, 王逢睿, 2012. 云冈石窟第19窟西耳窟地震动力响应. 西南交通大学学报, 47(4): 573-579. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XNJT201204007.htm 孙进忠, 田小甫, 管旭东, 等, 2008. 太原西山大佛松动岩体边坡稳定性分析. 地学前缘, 15(4): 227-238. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200804033.htm 唐智亮, 2013. 固结灌浆在保护云岗石窟石质文物遗址的应用研究(硕士学位论文). 长春: 吉林大学. 滕光亮, 陈永明, 石玉成, 等, 2013. 地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究. 地震工程学报, 35(1): 119-125. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZBDZ201301018.htm 田小甫, 孙进忠, 江进, 等, 2007. 太原晋阳西山大佛松动岩体边坡地震稳定性研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 26(增刊1): 3432-3437. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2007S1127.htm 田小甫, 孙进忠, 柳亚千, 2010. 晋阳大佛边坡岩体风化分级研究. 地质与勘探, 46(4): 722-727. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKT201004021.htm 汪东云, 付林森, 姚金石, 等, 1993a. 北山石窟寺岩体风化现状及控制因素. 重庆建筑工程学院学报, 15(1): 81-86. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JIAN199301011.htm 汪东云, 张赞勋, 付林森, 等, 1993b. 北山石窟渗水特征及其对造象岩体的破坏作用. 水文地质工程地质, 20(6): 39-44. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SWDG199306010.htm 汪东云, 张赞勋, 付林森, 等, 1994. 宝顶山石窟寺岩体风化破坏的作用因素分析. 工程地质学报, 2(2): 54-65. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ402.006.htm 王翀, 王明鹏, 白崇斌, 等, 2015. 露天石质文物生物风化研究进展. 文博, (2): 86-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7954.2015.02.016 王冲, 谢振斌, 郭建波, 等, 2017. 乐山麻浩崖墓石刻风化机理研究. 敦煌研究, (6): 172-181. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DHYJ201706030.htm 王逢睿, 崔惠萍, 孙博, 等, 2017. 北石窟寺降雨与洞窟相对湿度变化规律研究. 科学技术与工程, 17(15): 176-180. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2017.15.026 王逢睿, 肖碧, 2011. 甘肃北石窟寺第165窟岩体稳定性分析研究. 敦煌研究, (6): 65-69, 127. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2011.06.012 王海军, 马良, 2019. 陕北侏罗纪煤田三角洲平原沉积环境及其岩石力学特征. 煤田地质与勘探, 47(3): 61-69. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.2019.03.011 王亨通, 1990. 温差变化对炳灵寺石窟的影响. 敦煌学辑刊, (2): 106-111. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DHXJ199002012.htm 汪杰, 李杨, 宋卫东, 等, 2019. 不同倾角节理岩体损伤演化特征分析. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 51(8): 143-150. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HEBX201908021.htm 王金华, 陈嘉琦, 2018. 我国石窟寺保护现状及发展探析. 东南文化, (1): 6-14, 127. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-179X.2018.01.001 王金华, 霍晓彤, 2021. 石窟寺保护关键科学问题及关键技术探讨. 东南文化, (1): 6-13. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-179X.2021.01.001 王金华, 严绍军, 任伟中, 等, 2013. 石窟寺岩体结构稳定性分析评价系统研究. 武汉: 中国地质大学出版社. 王茜, 2020. 石窟寺窟体破坏机理及稳定性分析(硕士学位论文). 西安: 西安建筑科技大学. 王新录, 1992. 钟山石窟的风化及保护初探. 文博, (1): 86-90. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WEBO199201016.htm 王旭东, 2007. 西北地区石窟与土建筑遗址保护研究的现状与任务. 敦煌研究, (5): 6-11, 112. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2007.05.002 王旭东, 郭青林, 范宇权, 等, 2015. 多场耦合下岩土质文物风化机理试验装置研究. 敦煌研究, (5): 103-110. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4106.2015.05.017 王旭东, 张景科, 孙满利, 等, 2018. 莫高窟南区洞窟古人开凿智慧初探. 岩石力学与工程学报, 37(增刊2): 4207-4220. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2018S2043.htm 翁履谦, 杨海峰, 王逢睿, 等, 2011. 云冈石窟砂岩微观风化特征研究. 材料导报, 25(增刊2): 425-428. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CLDB2011S2118.htm 仵彦卿, 1999. 地下水与地质灾害. 地下空间, (4): 303-310, 316. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0836.1999.04.007 谢振斌, 郭建波, 陈显丹, 2014. 外界因素对崖墓石刻风化影响的实验研究. 四川文物, (1): 54-62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6962.2014.01.006 徐方圆, 吴来明, 解玉林, 等, 2012. 文物保存环境中温湿度评估方法研究. 文物保护与考古科学, 24(S1): 6-12. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF2012S1002.htm 徐飞高, 高士祥, 2008. 大气污染对石灰质文物的风化影响及防护新材料. 环境科学与技术, 31(3): 35-38. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2008.03.010 徐叔鹰, 1993. 干旱区盐风化过程的初步研究. 干旱区地理, 16(2): 14-20. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHDL199302002.htm 严绍军, 陈嘉琦, 窦彦, 等, 2015. 云冈石窟砂岩特性与岩石风化试验. 现代地质, 29(2): 442-447. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2015.02.031 严绍军, 方云, 刘俊红, 等, 2013a. 可溶盐对云冈石窟砂岩劣化试验及模型建立. 岩土力学, 34(12): 3410-3416. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YTLX201312011.htm 严绍军, 谭松娥, 刘俊红, 等, 2013b. 酸对云冈石窟砂岩的劣化作用试验研究. 长江科学院院报, 30(9): 64-68. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CJKB201309016.htm 严绍军, 方云, 孙兵, 等, 2005. 渗水对龙门石窟的影响及治理分析. 现代地质, 19(3): 475-478. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2005.03.022 严绍军, 田世瑶, 陈建平, 等, 2018. 龙门石窟鲕粒灰岩劣化试验. 敦煌研究, (3): 38-43. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DHYJ201803006.htm 杨赫赫, 2017. 敦煌莫高窟石窟建筑形制演化与特征探析. 石河子大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 31(3): 68-75. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SXZS201703011.htm 杨赫赫, 王其亨, 2022. 敦煌莫高窟石窟建筑形制与结构特征探析. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 52(2): 199-212. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDZ202202005.htm 杨鸿锐, 刘平, 孙博, 等, 2021. 冻融循环对麦积山石窟砂砾岩微观结构损伤机制研究. 岩石力学与工程学报, 40(3): 545-555. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX202103008.htm 杨华南, 2003. 浚县千佛寺石窟病害原因及保护措施初探. 中原文物, (5): 82-84. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYWW200305013.htm 杨琳璐, 王中生, 周灵燕, 等, 2012. 苔藓和地衣对环境变化的响应和指示作用. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 36(3): 137-143. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJLY201203031.htm 杨全城, 姚春梅, 刘善军, 等, 2015. 山东省山丘区地质灾害发育与地形地貌相关性分析. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 26(2): 93-96. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGDH201502016.htm 杨圣奇, 刘相如, 李玉寿, 2012. 单轴压缩下含孔洞裂隙砂岩力学特性试验分析. 岩石力学与工程学报, 31(S2): 3539-3546. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2012S2015.htm 杨圣奇, 吕朝辉, 渠涛, 2009. 含单个孔洞大理岩裂纹扩展细观试验和模拟. 中国矿业大学学报, 38(6): 774-781. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGKD200906005.htm 杨天宇, 刘于源, 2018. 乐山大佛岩体卸荷裂隙及影响初探. 鄂州大学学报, 25(2): 106-109. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-EZDX201802033.htm 杨有贞, 何贤元, 康亚明, 等, 2018. 干湿循环作用下贺兰山岩画载体砂岩风化特征. 科学技术与工程, 18(7): 31-37. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXJS201807006.htm 袁建新, 1993. 岩体损伤问题. 岩土力学, 14(1): 1-31. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YTLX201204003.htm 张傲, 方云, 徐敏, 等, 2012. 龙门石窟碳酸盐岩体文物风化作用模拟试验研究. 中国岩溶, 31(3): 227-233. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGYR201203001.htm 张兵峰, 2018. 川渝石窟裂隙水病害机理研究: 以大足石刻大佛湾卧佛区域为例. 中国文化遗产, (4): 27-34. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CCRN201804005.htm 张成渝, 2002. 洛阳龙门石窟寺岩体振动疲劳效应初析. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 38(6): 809-816. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BJDZ200206011.htm 张成渝, 2003. 洛阳龙门石窟水的赋存对岩体稳定性的影响. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 39(6): 829-834. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-BJDZ200306014.htm 张国军, 李最雄, 2005. 莫高窟北区崖体病害. 敦煌研究, (4): 71-74, 116. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DHYJ200504017.htm 张金风, 2008. 石质文物病害机理研究. 文物保护与考古科学, 20(2): 60-67. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF200802017.htm 张景科, 梁行洲, 叶飞, 等, 2018. 敦煌莫高窟北区崖体沿纵深方向风化特征研究. 工程地质学报, 26(6): 1499-1507. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ201806012.htm 张景科, 张理想, 郭青林, 等, 2021. 庆阳北石窟寺砂岩表层风化特征与地层岩性的关系研究. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 51(3): 344-352. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDZ202103003.htm 张梦婷, 王恩德, 李斌, 等, 2021. 云冈石窟石质类文物地质损伤机制研究. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版), 40(3): 220-224. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FXKY202103005.htm 张明泉, 温玲丽, 王旭东, 等, 2009. 敦煌莫高窟保护工程施工振动对洞窟文物的影响. 岩石力学与工程学报, 28(增刊2): 3762-3768. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSLX2009S2071.htm 张明泉, 张虎元, 曾正中, 等, 1997. 敦煌莫高窟保护中的主要环境问题分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 11(1): 34-38. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GHZH701.004.htm 张娜, 王水兵, 赵方方, 等, 2018. 软岩与水相互作用研究综述. 水利水电技术, 49(7): 1-7. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SJWJ201807001.htm 张永, 武发思, 苏敏, 等, 2019. 石质文物的生物风化及其防治研究进展. 应用生态学报, 30(11): 3980-3990. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YYSB201911040.htm 张赞勋, 汪东云, 付林森, 等, 1993. 北山石窟寺岩体风化产物的形成及其破坏作用. 重庆建筑工程学院学报, 15(3): 67-75. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JIAN199303009.htm 张子端, 王建力, 何潇, 等, 2006. 陕西地质灾害形成条件与对策探讨. 安徽农业科学, 34(22): 5951-5953. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-AHNY200622091.htm 赵莽, 方云, 程邦, 等, 2016. 花山岩画岩体开裂机理统计分析. 文物保护与考古科学, 28(2): 24-31. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WWBF201602005.htm 赵以辛, 王安建, 张军, 等, 2002. 南响堂石窟表面粉尘特征及对石雕影响的研究. 环境科学研究, 15(6): 12-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKX200206003.htm 赵玉波, 谭松娥, 2012. 库木吐喇石窟砂岩工程地质特征研究. 人民长江, 43(增刊1): 58-59. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RIVE2012S1021.htm 郑颖人, 叶海林, 黄润秋, 等, 2010. 边坡地震稳定性分析探讨. 地震工程与工程振动, 30(2): 173-180. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DGGC201002028.htm 曾铃, 付宏渊, 贺炜, 等, 2013. 降雨入渗因素对炭质泥岩路堤边坡稳定性的影响. 公路交通科技, 30(3): 39-44, 58. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GLJK201303008.htm 曾行娇, 2018. 砂岩类石质文物脱盐材料效果实验室评估研究(硕士学位论文). 西安: 西北大学. 周航, 廖昕, 陈仕阔, 等, 2022. 基于组合赋权和未确知测度的深埋隧道岩爆危险性评价——以川藏交通廊道桑珠岭隧道为例. 地球科学, 47(6): 2130-2148. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2021.170 周跃飞, 陆现彩, 王汝成, 等, 2008. 长石微生物风化作用的研究现状与展望. 地球科学进展, 23(1): 17-23. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ200801006.htm 祝介旺, 常中华, 刘恩聪, 等, 2009. 龙游石窟1号洞破坏成因及加固对策研究. 工程地质学报, 17(1): 126-132. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GCDZ200901021.htm 朱容辰, 2010. 边坡岩体卸荷分带性研究. 铁道勘察, 36(5): 46-50. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TLHC201005015.htm 宗静婷, 2011. 广元千佛崖摩崖石质文物保护的环境地质问题研究(硕士学位论文). 西安: 西北大学. -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(9)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1264
- HTML全文浏览量: 866
- PDF下载量: 130
- 被引次数: 0
