Origin of the Overpressure and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Characteristics of Bedrock Buried Hills in the Deepwater Area, Qiongdongnan Basin
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摘要: 海洋深水区是当今全球油气勘探的热点，随着深水油气勘探的不断推进，基岩潜山逐渐成为重要的接替领域. 近年来，琼东南盆地深水区基岩潜山气藏获得了重大突破，展现了潜山重要的勘探潜力. 但是基岩潜山普遍存在高压，超压如何影响规模成藏是亟需解决的一个重要问题.基于此，以陵水32-1基岩潜山为例，通过已钻井岩心、薄片观察、温压场模拟、流体包裹体等综合分析，揭示潜山内部存在两个压力系统，上部压力系数为1.68，下部压力系数为1.76~1.85. 10.48 Ma时凹陷内烃类流体压力传导至潜山，潜山开始发育超压；3.02 Ma时潜山压力系数达1.7，进入强超压阶段. LS32-1-A井分别在3.0~1.9 Ma和1.8 Ma~现今经历两期油气充注，充注时间与潜山超压形成时间一致. 研究表明：（1）潜山储层可分为砂砾质带、风化带、致密带、内幕裂缝带，以潜山内幕裂缝、基底断裂及垂向微裂隙为天然气运移的主要通道；（2）超压成因主要为早期欠压实和生烃增压，晚期受烃类流体侧向压力传导控制；（3）强超压形成时间与烃类流体充注时间匹配性好，生烃凹陷内的压力演化以及流体向潜山的充注过程控制着潜山大型油气藏形成；（4）陵水32-1构造具有“近源供烃，优势充注；超压传导，内幕成储；超压封盖，规模保存”的成藏模式. 研究为琼东南盆地深水区基岩潜山油气藏的进一步勘探提供了重要依据.Abstract: Deepwater reservoirs are the hotspot of global oil and gas exploration. With the continuous development of deepwater exploration, overpressure bedrock buried hills have gradually become an important successor field. The breakthrough of Lingshui 32-1 buried hill gas reservoir in the western deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin reveals the insider fracture reservoir as well as the formation of large gas fields, and demonstrates the exploration potential of Lingnan Low Uplift buried-hills. However, overpressures are prevalent in buried hills, and how overpressure affects gas reservoir accumulation is a vital issue that needs to be solved urgently. To explore the overpressure characteristics, development mechanism of overpressure, and the relationship between overpressure and hydrocarbon accumulation, the drilled cores, thin-section observation, numerical simulation, and fluid inclusions analyses were utilized, revealed the two pressure systems, with an upper pressure coefficient of 1.68 and a lower pressure coefficient of 1.76 to 1.85, and two phases of gas filling from 3.0 to 1.9 Ma and from 1.8 Ma to the present day, respectively, and the gas filling process is consistent with the overpressure formation. Lingshui 32-1 buried hill consists of gravelly reservoirs, weathered crust reservoirs, tight interval, and internal fracture reservoirs. The fracture, basement fault, and vertical microfracture are the main channels for natural gas migration. The overpressure mechanism of Lingshui 32-1 buried hill is mainly due to disequilibrium compaction and hydrocarbon pressurization in the early stage, and lately controlled by lateral transmission of fluids pressure. The timing of strong overpressure formation matches well with the gas filling. The overpressure within the depression and the gas filling process into the buried hills control the gas reservoir accumulation. Eventually, an accumulation model of overpressure-controlled hydrocarbon generation, transmission, filling, and preservation developed. This study provides an important basis for further exploration of bedrock buried hill reservoirs in the deepwater area of the Qiongdongnan Basin.
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Key words:
- overpressure /
- bedrock buried-hills /
- gas filling /
- deepwater /
- Qiongdongnan Basin /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 琼东南盆地构造特征(a, c)与地层综合柱状图(b)
a. 琼东南盆地构造单元划分图及潜山构造位置；b. 陵水32-1构造地层综合柱状图；c. 琼东南盆地过乐东-陵水凹陷及其周缘典型地震剖面，剖面位置见（a）中A-A’
Fig. 1. Structural characteristics and stratigraphic column of the Qiongdongnan Basin
图 3 LS32-1-A井潜山天然气成因判识（图版自戴金星等, 2017）
Fig. 3. Natural gas origin identification of well LS32-1-A(from Dai et al., 2017)
图 4 LS32-1-A井储层显微特征及壁心特征
a. 4 096 m中性侵入岩（低石英）风化产物（岩屑样，正交光）；b. 4 102 m花岗岩，长石普遍风化较深（岩屑样，正交光）；c. 4 140 m，石英二长岩，多组裂缝（岩屑样，单偏光）；d. 4 167 m，花岗岩闪长岩（岩屑样，单偏光）；e. 4 200 m碎裂花岗岩，裂缝被较细小的碎基充填（岩屑样，正交光）；f. 4 210 m二长花岗岩，微裂缝均被粘土质、黄铁矿充填（岩屑样，正交光）；g. 4 239 m花岗闪长岩（岩屑样，正交光）；h. 4 268 m二长花岗岩（岩屑样，正交光）；i. 内幕裂缝带壁心特征图，具孔洞、裂缝特征
Fig. 4. Reservoir microscopic and core features of well LS32-1-A
图 5 LS32-1-A井超压结构特征
a. 潜山垂向结构单元；b. 纵向压力分布图
Fig. 5. Overpressure structural features of well LS32-1-A
图 6 琼东南盆地关键界面压力系数分布图
据杜浩（2022）修改
Fig. 6. Distribution of pressure coefficient key interfaces of the Qiongdongnan Basin
图 7 琼东南盆地单井压力结构特征
a. YC35-1-A双层压力结构图；b. LS25-1-A单层压力结构图（井位见图 1a）
Fig. 7. Drilling pressure structure of the Qiongdongnan Basin
图 9 乐东-陵水凹陷及陵南低凸起压力演化特征
a. YC36-2-A井压力剖面（现今）；b. YC36-2-A井压力系数分布；c. LS32-1-A-LS26-1-A井压力剖面（现今）；d. LS32-1-A-LS26-1-A井压力系数分布；剖面位置见图 1a中B-B’和C-C’
Fig. 9. Pressure evolution characteristics in Ledong-Lingshui Sag and Lingnan Low Uplift
图 10 LS32-1-A井压力演化模拟及沉积速率
a. LS32-1-A井单井压力演化模拟；b. LS32-1-A井沉积速率
Fig. 10. Pressure evolution simulation and deposition rates of well LS32-1-A
图 11 乐东-陵水凹陷南部崖城组顶面烃源岩成熟度图
Fig. 11. Source rock maturity of the Yacheng Formation in the southern Ledong-Lingshui Sag
图 12 LS32-1-A井潜山储层成岩现象显微照片
a. 4 250 m，岩屑样，单偏光；b. 4 273 m，岩屑样，单偏光；c. 4 203 m，岩屑样，正交光；d. 4 273 m，岩屑样，正交光
Fig. 12. Micrographs of diagenetic characteristics of buried hill reservoir of well LS32-1-A
图 13 LS32-1-A井超压流体传导-油气充注模式图
Fig. 13. Transmission of fluids overpressure and gas filling of well LS32-1-A
图 14 LS32-1-A井储层流体包裹体特征
a. 4 090 m，石英颗粒内成岩裂纹中检测到的纯气相包裹体及其附近盐水包裹体；b. 4 270 m，石英颗粒内成岩裂纹中检测到的纯气相包裹体及其附近盐水包裹体和含CO2盐水包裹体
Fig. 14. Reservoir fluid inclusion characteristics of well LS32-1-A
图 15 LS32-1-A井埋藏史与油气充注期次图
Fig. 15. Burial history and hydrocarbon filling stages of well LS32-1-A
图 16 琼东南盆地松南低凸起成藏模式图
Fig. 16. Hydrocarbon accumulation pattern in Songnan Low Uplift, Qiongdongnan Basin
图 17 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷-陵南低凸起成藏模式图
Fig. 17. Hydrocarbon accumulation pattern in Ledong Sag and Lingnan Low Uplift, Qiongdongnan Basin
图 18 陵南低凸起与松南低凸起潜山成藏特征对比
Fig. 18. Comparison of hydrocarbon accumulation features of Lingnan and Songnan Low Uplift
表 1 琼东南盆地实测压力统计表
Table 1. Measured pressure statistics of the Qiongdongdong Basin
区带 井号 层位 实测深度(m) 地层压力
(MPa)流动性
(mD/cP)地层压力系数 地层温度
(℃)压力类型 乐东-陵水凹陷及周缘 LS18-1-A 莺歌海组二段 2 812.30 29.61 159.82 1.09 46.51 常压 LS17-2-A 黄流组 3 301.50 39.00 6.01 1.22 67.00 常压 LS17-2-B 黄流组一段 3 331.30 38.69 978.00 1.20 62.00 常压 LS17-2-C 黄流组一段 3 228.50 38.45 1 687.93 1.23 55.50 常压 LS25-1-A 黄流组一段 3 712.40 46.79 3.46 1.29 117.32 常压 LS25-1W-A 莺歌海组二段 3 485.00 47.27 40.95 1.39 98.48 超压 LS26-3E-A 梅山组一段 3 718.00 49.75 33.72 1.38 86.30 超压 LS25-1-A 黄流组 4 180.50 71.71 26.30 1.76 125.38 强超压 LS26-1-A 中生界 3 607.00 62.62 58.50 1.78 113.18 强超压 YC36-2-A 梅山组二段 4 688.40 95.65 0.33 2.09 162.20 强超压 崖南低凸起 YC23-1-1 崖城组三段 4 418.75 96.97 2.69 2.25 170.60 强超压 陵南低凸起 LS31-1-A 黄流组 2 973.40 36.69 1.00 1.27 30.00 常压 LS32-1-A 中生界 4 290.50 73.37 0.20 1.75 149.20 强超压 松南低凸起 YL8-1-A 三亚组 2 873.50 30.33 1 848.20 1.09 49.86 常压 YL8-1-B 梅山组 2 966.10 31.00 212.42 1.08 53.90 常压 
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表 2 LS32-1-A井不同期次包裹体特征统计表
Table 2. Characteristics of reservoir fluid inclusion in different periods of well LS32-1-A
期次 包裹体类型 成因 产状 形态 大小
(μm)气液比
(%)相态 均一温度(℃) 冰点温度
(℃)盐度
(%)第一期 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 方形 17 6 气液两相 133.5 -2.6 4.3 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 三角形 6 6 气液两相 132.5 -1.9 3.2 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 条形 24 7 气液两相 133.1 -1.9 3.2 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 椭圆形 6 6 气液两相 132.4 -1.4 2.4 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 长方形 11 6 气液两相 131.5 -3.7 6.0 第二期 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 无规则 22 7 气液两相 132.2 -1.7 2.9 盐水包裹体 次生 穿石英愈合裂纹 三角形 16 7 气液两相 152.1 -1.6 2.7 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 条形 10 7 气液两相 153.8 -2.4 4.0 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 椭圆形 21 7 气液两相 152.4 -0.9 1.6 盐水包裹体 次生 石英内裂纹 无规则 30 6 气液两相 152.8 -3.0 5.0
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