Characteristics of Multi-Phase Fracture Development in Cretaceous Granite from Coastal Region of South China and Its Implications for Buried-Hill Exploration
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摘要: 裂缝的分布特征对花岗岩储层研究具有重要作用.结合无人机遥感技术和野外调查对华南沿海地区白垩纪花岗岩露头的构造裂缝进行数字化识别和定量研究.分析表明：研究区主要发育NE20°~40°和SE100°~140°两组裂缝，NE向裂缝形成时间早于SE向；多期构造变形会显著提高裂缝网络的连通度和面密度，连通度高值区广泛分布，面密度高值区集中分布在辉绿岩脉侵入区和断裂带内部；构造裂缝网络的线密度、面密度和连通度与断裂带规模呈正相关.构建了华南沿海地区白垩纪花岗岩多期构造裂缝的发育模式，指出断裂带和辉绿岩脉侵入区等裂缝交汇部位有利于形成优势储层，为海域花岗岩潜山的勘探开发提供重要指示.Abstract: Characteristics of fracture distribution are vital for research of granitic reservoirs. Here, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetric data were used to identify and quantitatively analyze the structural fractures developed in the outcrops of Cretaceous granites from coastal region of South China. Fracture density and connectivity were described in detail to gain a better insight into the nature of fracture distribution developed in multi-phase tectonic events. The results show that the study areas predominantly exhibit two sets of fractures of NE20°‒40° and SE100°‒140°. The NE-trending fractures developed earlier than SE-trending fractures. Multiphase tectonic deformation significantly enhances the connectivity and density of fracture network. Areas of elevated density are concentrated within the extensive intrusion zone of diabase dikes and the interior of fault zones. The linear density, surface density, and connectivity of the structural fracture network are positively correlated with the size of the fault zone. This study allows us to build a structural model to elucidate the development of multi-phase structural fractures in coastal region of South China. It underscores that fracture intersections such as fault zones and intrusions by diabase dikes are areas of high fault network connectivity and density, and thus optimal reservoir conditions. This research provides a guideline for understanding fracture network distribution in granitic reservoirs and for reservoir evaluation in crystalline basement during petroleum exploration.
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图 1 （a）华南地块断裂系统和岩浆平面分布图（改自Li et al.（2012））；（b）长乐‒南澳断裂带岩性‒构造单元划分及研究区位置（改自Wei et al.（2023））
Fig. 1. (a) Fault system and magma distribution in the South China block (modified from Li et al. (2012)); (b) lithologic and structural units along the Changle-Nanao fault belt (modified from Wei et al. (2023))
图 2 华南中、新生代沉积‒构造演化综合柱状图（改自张岳桥等（2012）和叶青等（2017））
Fig. 2. Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic-stratigraphic chart of the South China block (modified from Zhang et al. (2012) and Ye et al. (2017))
图 3 节点和分支类型
a. I型节点；b. Y型节点；c. X型节点；d.孤立型分支、半连接型分支和全连接型分支
Fig. 3. Types of node and branch
图 4 （a）鹅尾山正射影像图；（b）鹅尾山构造裂缝网络分布图
Fig. 4. (a) Orthographic image of the Eweishan; (b) fracture network map produced by manual lineament picking on the orthographic image
图 5 （a）鹅尾山裂缝走向的玫瑰花图；（b）野外测量的裂缝产状赤平投影图；（c）裂缝走向‒频数/长度统计图
Fig. 5. (a) Rose diagram of the fractures measured in Eweishan; (b) stereographic projection of fractures measured in the outcrop; (c) chart of fracture strike-frequency/length plots
图 6 野外露头照片显示NE向充填的石英脉被SE向裂缝右行错开
Fig. 6. Field outcrop photos showing the NE quartz veins sinistrally offset by the SE fractures
图 7 鹅尾山构造裂缝线密度分析图
a.测线1；b.测线2；c.测线3；d.测线4
Fig. 7. Line density analysis of structural fractures in Eweishan
图 8 一期NE向裂缝网络和两期叠加裂缝网络的节点三元图（a）和分支三元图（b）
Fig. 8. Ternary plots of nodes (a) and of branches (b) from one- and two-phase fracture network
图 9 （a）鹅尾山一期NE向裂缝网络连通度分布图；（b）鹅尾山两期叠加裂缝网络连通度分布图；（c）鹅尾山一期NE向裂缝网络面密度分布图；（d）鹅尾山两期叠加裂缝网络面密度分布图
Fig. 9. (a) Connectivity distribution of one-phase NE fracture network in Eweishan; (b) connectivity distribution of two-phase superimposed fracture network in Eweishan; (c) fracture intensity distribution of one-phase NE fracture network in Eweishan; (d) fracture intensity distribution of two-phase superimposed fracture network in Eweishan
图 10 一期与两期构造事件在断裂带、辉绿岩脉侵入区、围岩的裂缝发育情况和几何连通模式
Fig. 10. Fracture development and geometric connectivity patterns of one- and two-phase tectonic events in fault zone, diabase dike intrusion area and wall rock
图 11 （a）断裂带内部露头1照片；（b）内部构造裂缝网络的几何连通情况；（c）测线1的线密度分析；（d）测线2的线密度分析
Fig. 11. (a) Outcrop 1 inside the Fz4; (b) patterns of structural fracture network connectivity in outcrop 1; (c) line density analysis of line 1; (d) line density analysis of line 2
图 12 （a）断裂带内部露头2照片；（b）内部构造裂缝网络分布图；（c）构造裂缝网络的几何连通情况
Fig. 12. (a) Outcrop 2 inside the Fz4; (b) fracture network map produced by manual lineament picking on outcrop 2; (c) patterns of structural fracture network connectivity
图 13 （a）海角一号正射影像图；（b）海角一号构造裂缝网络分布图
Fig. 13. (a) Orthographic image of the Haijiaoyihao; (b) fracture network map produced by manual lineament picking on the orthographic image
图 14 （a）海角一号裂缝走向的玫瑰花图；（b）海角一号裂缝线密度分析；（c）裂缝走向‒频数/长度统计图
Fig. 14. (a) Rose diagram of the fractures measured in Haijiaoyihao; (b) line density analysis of structural fractures in Haijiaoyihao; (c) chart of fracture strike-frequency/length plots
图 15 （a）海角一号一期NE向裂缝网络连通度分布图；（b）海角一号两期叠加裂缝网络连通度分布图；（c）海角一号一期NE向裂缝网络面密度分布图；（d）海角一号两期叠加裂缝网络面密度分布图
Fig. 15. (a) Connectivity distribution of one-phase NE fracture network in Haijiaoyihao; (b) connectivity distribution of two-phase superimposed fracture network in Haijiaoyihao; (c) fracture intensity distribution of one-phase NE fracture network in Haijiaoyihao; (d) fracture intensity distribution of two-phase superimposed fracture network in Haijiaoyihao
图 16 一期与两期构造事件在辉绿岩脉侵入区、围岩的裂缝发育情况和几何连通模式
Fig. 16. Fracture development and geometric connectivity patterns of one- and two-phase tectonic events in diabase dike intrusion area and wall rock
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