Authigenic Clay Minerals from North China Reveal Spatiotemporal Variations in Shallow Seawater Redox Conditions during the Terminal Mesoproterozoic
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摘要: 为了重建中元古代末期冠群真核生物快速演化的环境背景，以华北4条剖面的长龙山组碎屑岩为研究对象，开展了沉积学和矿物学分析.结果表明，怀来剖面深‒浅潮下带细‒粗砂岩中的黏土矿物以鲕绿泥石为主，指示缺氧铁化的海水环境；而深潮下带粉砂质泥岩‒泥质粉砂岩中以海绿石为主，反映次氧化的海水条件.门头沟剖面浅潮下带中‒粗砂岩中的黏土矿物以鲕绿泥石为主，指示缺氧铁化的海水条件；蓟县和卢龙剖面深潮下带砂岩中的黏土矿物则以海绿石为主，表明次氧化的环境条件.这些结果揭示，长龙山组沉积期华北浅海的氧化还原条件存在显著的时空差异，增氧促进了龙凤山藻的出现，但氧化水体分布的时空不连续性限制了它们的持续演化与广泛分布.Abstract: This study investigates the environmental context for the rapid evolution of crown-group eukaryotes during the Late Mesoproterozoic, focusing on sedimentological and mineralogical analyses of clastic rocks from the Changlongshan Formation across four sections of the North China Craton. In the Huailai section, fine-to-coarse sandstones from the deep-to-shallow subtidal zones are dominated by chamosite, indicating an anoxic, ferruginous marine environment. Conversely, glauconite dominates silty mudstone and muddy siltstone in the deep subtidal zone, reflecting suboxic conditions. In the Mentougou section, medium-to-coarse sandstones from the shallow subtidal zone are rich in chamosite, suggesting persistent anoxic, ferruginous conditions. In the Jixian and Lulong sections, deep subtidal zone sandstones are dominated by glauconite, indicative of suboxic environments. These results reveal pronounced spatiotemporal variations in redox conditions across the shallow seas of North China during the deposition of the Changlongshan Formation. While oxygenation facilitated the emergence of Longfengshania algae, the spatiotemporal discontinuity in the distribution of oxic water bodies may have limited the sustained evolution and widespread distribution of eukaryotes.
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Key words:
- Changlongshan Formation /
- glauconite /
- chamosite /
- redox condition /
- spatial heterogeneity /
- crown-group eukaryote /
- sedimentology /
- mineralogy
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图 1 研究区地质背景
a. 中元古代末期古地理图，展示各剖面的古地理位置，据王鸿祯（1985）；b~e. 地质简图，展示怀来、门头沟、蓟县和卢龙剖面位置
Fig. 1. Geological setting of the study area
图 2 华北中元古界地层柱状图（根据Tang et al., 2016及其参考文献修改），以及怀来‒门头沟‒蓟县‒卢龙地区长龙山组‒景儿峪组与复州地区钓鱼台组‒南芬组的对比关系（根据杜汝霖等, 2009; Zhang et al., 2016b; Zhao et al., 2020; Kuang et al., 2023及其参考文献）
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Mesoproterozoic in North China (modified from Tang et al., 2016 and references therein), and the correlation between the Changlongshan Formation-Jing'eryu Formation in the Huailai-Mentougou-Jixian-Lulong area and the Diaoyutai Formation-Nanfen Formation in the Fuzhou area (Du et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2016b; Zhao et al., 2020; Kuang et al., 2023 and references therein)
图 3 华北燕辽盆地长龙山组沉积特征
a.蓟县剖面二段红绿页岩层段中的含海绿石砂岩夹层；b.蓟县剖面二段含海绿石砂岩的近距离特征；c.怀来剖面一段中粗粒砂岩，发育斜层理；d.怀来剖面一段含鲕绿泥石细砂岩；e.怀来剖面二段灰黑-灰绿色泥质粉砂岩（化石层）；f.门头沟剖面二段中厚层含鲕绿泥石砂岩的近观照片；g.门头沟剖面二段含鲕绿泥石砂岩，发育交错层理；h.卢龙剖面二段绿色页岩‒粉砂岩夹薄层砂岩；i.卢龙剖面二段含海绿石砂岩
Fig. 3. Depositional features of the Changlongshan Formation in Yanliao basin of North China
图 4 怀来剖面长龙山组二段下部海绿石岩相学特征
a.低倍显微照片，显示海绿石碎屑颗粒状特征；b.高倍显微照片，显示海绿石颗粒明显大于周边碎屑颗粒；c.图b处的正交偏光照片，显示海绿石的集合消光特征；d.背散射照片，显示海绿石（Glt）均匀的成分特征；e.图d处的元素面扫描特征，标记了海绿石（Glt）、石英（Qz）、云母（Mca）和钾长石（Fsp）；f.高倍扫描电镜照片，显示海绿石片状集合体结构
Fig. 4. Petrographic features of glauconite from lower Member Ⅱ of the Changlongshan Formation in Huailai section
图 5 怀来剖面长龙山组二段中部鲕绿泥石岩相学特征
a.低倍显微特征，显示大量鲕绿泥石（箭头指示）与陆源碎屑；b.单偏光显微照片，显示鲕绿泥石（Chm）轮廓受限于周边的碎屑石英（Qz）；c.图b处的正交偏光照片，显示鲕绿泥石集合消光特征；d.背散射照片，多个颗粒状鲕绿泥石（较亮）被后期的鲕绿泥石（较暗）胶结形成更大的集合体；e.图d处的面扫描特征；f.高倍扫描电镜照片，显示鲕绿泥石片状集合体的结构
Fig. 5. Petrographic features of chamosite from middle Member Ⅱ of the Changlongshan Formation in Huailai section
图 6 门头沟剖面长龙山组二段黏土矿物岩相学特征
a.低倍显微照片，显示鲕绿泥石的边界不规则特征；b.高倍显微照片，显示鲕绿泥石的边界受周围碎屑颗粒的轮廓控制；c.图b处的正交偏光显微照片，显示鲕绿泥石的集合消光特征；d.背散射电子显微照片，显示海绿石（Glt，较暗）和鲕绿泥石（Chm，较亮）颗粒共生；e.背散射电子显微照片，显示海绿石颗粒（Glt）和鲕绿泥石颗粒（Chm）共生，后期鲕绿泥石（Chm）脉状体穿插于两者之间；f.海绿石颗粒已部分转化为鲕绿泥石（Glt+Chm），并被后期鲕绿泥石（Chm）脉切割（Qz为石英，Fsp为钾长石）；g.图f处的能谱面扫描结果，显示海绿石颗粒已部分转化为鲕绿泥石（Glt+Chm），并被后期鲕绿泥石（Chm）脉切割；h.高倍背散射电子显微照片，显示鲕绿泥石（Chm）颗粒内残留少量海绿石（Glt）
Fig. 6. Petrographic features of green clay minerals from Member Ⅱ of the Changlongshan Formation in Mentougou section
图 7 蓟县剖面长龙山组二段海绿石的岩相学特征
a.低倍显微特征，显示大量海绿石（箭头指示）与陆源碎屑（图中蓝色圆圈为人为标记，用于定位扫描电镜分析的矿物位置）；b.单偏光显微照片，显示海绿石（Glt）颗粒粒径大于周围碎屑石英（Qz）；c.图b处的正交偏光照片，显示海绿石集合消光特征；d.背散射照片，显示海绿石（Glt）成分均匀，但被细石英脉穿插，且其粒径大于周边碎屑石英（Qz）；e.图d处的面扫描特征；f.高倍扫描电镜照片，显示海绿石片状集合体的结构
Fig. 7. Petrographic features of glauconite from Member Ⅱ of the Changlongshan Formation in Jixian section
图 8 卢龙剖面长龙山组二段海绿石岩相学特征
a.低倍显微照片，展示具有不规则边界特征的海绿石（上部箭头）和颗粒状海绿石（下部箭头）；b.高倍显微照片，显示颗粒状海绿石粒径大于周围碎屑颗粒；c.图b处的正交偏光显微照片，显示海绿石的集合消光特征；d.背散射电子显微照片，显示海绿石颗粒（Glt）被后期鲕绿泥石（Chm）脉穿插（Qz：石英；图中圆圈表示原位Rb-Sr定年激光剥蚀点位）；e.图d处的面扫描特征；f.Fe元素面扫描结果，显示低铁海绿石（Glt）被高铁鲕绿泥石（Chm）穿插
Fig. 8. Petrographic features of glauconite from Member Ⅱ of the Changlongshan Formation in Lulong section
图 9 华北长龙山组黏土矿物地球化学和矿物学特征
a.典型海绿石能谱图，展示高钾低铁特征；b.典型鲕绿泥石能谱图，展示低钾高铁特征；c.全岩粉末XRD谱图，展示卢龙剖面黏土矿物主要为海绿石，门头沟剖面则为鲕绿泥石.Glt.海绿石；Chm.鲕绿泥石；Qz.石英；Fsp.钾长石.d.黏土矿物TFe2O3与K2O协变图，展示海绿石的高钾低铁特征，鲕绿泥石的低钾高铁特征
Fig. 9. Geochemical and mineralogical features of clay minerals from the Changlongshan Formation in North China
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