Weathering Types, Mechanism and Protection of Rammed Earth Sites: Progress and Prospect
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摘要: 自然气候使夯土遗址发育风化病害，威胁其稳定保存.总结了遗址风化病害类型，阐述了病害发育规律和机理的研究进展，分析了保护加固方法及适用性.遗址风化受物理、化学、生物作用，力学强度和表面硬度随风化进程降低，表层土和内部夯土的热物理参数差异显著.水-热-风-盐耦合作用使遗址表面趋于形成结皮层-疏松层，其孔隙为双孔结构，持水模式异于内部夯土.在环境作用下，疏松层先于结皮层产生应力疲劳，发生结皮剥离.常用保护加固方法除微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（microbial induced calcite precipitation，MICP）技术以外均已实现工程应用.夯土遗址长期处于非饱和状态，现有成果多聚焦于饱和状态，无法准确描述实际工况的水-力特性演化及致病机理，亟待深入研究.Abstract: Natural climate makes rammed earth sites develop weathering disease, threatening its stable preservation. In this paper it summarizes the types of weathering diseases of sites, expounds the research progress of the evolution law and mechanism of the diseases, and analyzes the protection and reinforcement methods and applicability. The weathering of the site is affected by physical, chemical and biological processes. The mechanical strength and surface hardness decrease with the weathering process, and the thermal physical parameters of the topsoil and the internal rammed soil are significantly different. The coupling of water, temperature, wind and salt makes the surface of the site tend to form a crust-loose layer, and its pores are double-porosity structure, which makes the water retention mode be different from that of the inner rammed soil. Under the action of the environment, the loose layer produces stress fatigue before the crust, and the crust peeling occurs. All the common protection and reinforcement methods except microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) have been applied in engineering. The rammed earth site has been in the unsaturated state for a long time, and most of the existing results focus on the saturated state, which cannot accurately describe the evolution of the hydraulic and mechanical behavior and the pathogenic mechanism of the actual working condition, so it is urgent to further study.
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Key words:
- rammed earth sites /
- weathering /
- natural environment /
- soluble salt /
- capillarity /
- water-salt transportation /
- engineering geology
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图 2 夯土遗址的典型病害
a.交河故城剥离病害；b.西夏王陵冲沟病害；c.蓝田猿人遗址酥碱病害；d.汉长安城遗址被垃圾覆盖
Fig. 2. Typical deteriorations of rammed earth site
图 3 夯土遗址风化机理示意
a.自然环境下夯土遗址的风化；b.水盐运移的致病机理；c.水盐运移的致病类型
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of weathering mechanism of rammed earth site
图 4 风蚀作用示意图(据赵海英等, 2003)
Fig. 4. Diagram of wind erosion (after Zhao et al., 2003)
图 5 易溶盐结晶作用致病机理示意图(据Hu et al., 2023)
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of weathering mechanism of crystallization of soluble salt (after Hu et al., 2023)
图 6 夯土遗址二元结构形成与结皮层剥落的示意
a.二元结构在夯土遗址表面形成；b.结皮层起翘；c.结皮层剥离；据Du et al.（2023）
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the formation of binary structure and crust scaling of rammed earth sites
图 9 MICP改善遗址土的物理力学性能
a.素土烘干2 h裂隙发育；b.MICP烘干2 h裂隙发育；据岳建伟等(2021a, 2021b)
Fig. 9. MICP improves the physical and mechanical properties of rammed earth sites
表 1 土遗址表层和内部热物理性质差异
Table 1. Difference of thermal physical properties between surface and interior of rammed earth sites
试样部位 热传导系数κ
(W·m-1·K-1)热扩散系数λ
(mm2·s-1)体积比热c
(MJ·m-1·K-1)试样表层 0.747 3 0.698 0 1.070 6 试样内部 1.024 0 0.901 4 1.136 0 注：据张虎元等(2018). 
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