Patterns and Mechanisms of Human-Land-Industry System Mutual Feedback in Villages of the Northern Foothills of Qinling Mountains
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摘要:
乡村是自然环境、人类活动与产业发展之间矛盾最突出的地域单元，厘清乡村人-地-业系统互馈机理是践行乡村振兴战略的科学基础. 秦岭北麓敏感的地理环境特征和周边社会经济的高速发展，给人地协调带来了重大挑战，是乡村人-地-业系统互馈研究的典型区域. 依据人地耦合协调强度、地貌、土地利用和旅游资源，将秦岭北麓的乡村分为8种类型，分别探究人-地-业系统各要素之间相互作用机理，并总结典型模式，提出系统优化和防止系统崩溃调控路径. 研究发现，耦合互馈分为4个阶段，分别是自给型人地共生期、劳动力析出土地松绑期、产业融合生态觉醒期和政策调控系统重构期. 按产业或生计方式将秦岭北麓乡村人-地-业系统归纳为农业特色和旅游特色两种互馈模式. 为防止系统崩溃，农业特色村需构建多层次韧性防御体系，涵盖灾害预警、产业多元、合作网络维护与动态政策调控；旅游特色村以文化资源深度开发、构建“旅游业+”的复合产业和弹性开发政策、抵御同质竞争与生态超载风险来维持可持续发展. 研究结果可为促进生态敏感区域乡村人-地-业系统协调发展提供科学依据.
Abstract:The countryside is the most prominent geographical unit of contradiction between the natural environment, human activities and industrial development, and clarifying the mechanism of human-land-industry system mutual feedback in the countryside is the scientific basis for the practice of the strategy of rural revitalization. The northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains are a typical area for the study of rural human-land-industry system inter-feedback due to its sensitive geographic and environmental characteristics and the rapid development of the neighbouring socio-economies, which pose a major challenge to the coordination of the local human-land. Based on the strength of human-land coupling coordination, geomorphology, land use and tourism resources, this paper divides the countryside into eight types, explores the mechanism of interaction between the elements of the human-land-industry system, summarises the typical patterns, and puts forward a path for system optimisation and prevention of system collapse regulation.It is found that the coupling and mutual feedback are divided into four stages, namely, the period of self-sufficient human-land symbiosis, the period of labor migration and land abandonment, the period of ecological awakening of industrial integration, and the period of reconfiguration of the policy-regulated system. The human-land-industry system in the villages in the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains is categorised into two typical mutual feedback patterns, namely agricultural characteristics and tourism characteristics, according to the industry or livelihood mode. In order to prevent system collapse, agricultural villages need to build a multi-level resilience defence system, covering disaster early warning, industrial diversification, cooperative network maintenance and dynamic policy regulation; tourism villages need to maintain sustainable development by deeply developing cultural resources, constructing a composite industry of 'tourism+', and resilient development policies to resist homogeneous competition and ecological overload risks development. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for promoting the coordinated development of human-land-industry systems in ecologically sensitive areas.
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图 1 乡村人-地-业系统互馈机理假设模型
Fig. 1. Hypothetical modeling of mutual feedback mechanisms in rural human-land-industry systems
图 2 秦岭北麓行政区划图
Fig. 2. Administrative districts in the northern foothills of Qinling Mountains
图 3 乡村人-地-业系统划分类型流程图
Fig. 3. Flowchart for classifying rural human-land-industry systems
图 4 秦岭北麓乡村类型分布图
Fig. 4. Map of village types in the northern foothills of Qinling Mountains
图 5 秦岭北麓典型村庄分布图
Fig. 5. Distribution of typical villages at the northern foothills of Qinling Mountains
图 6 秦岭北麓乡村人-地-业系统耦合互馈阶段
Fig. 6. Coupling and mutual feedback stage of rural human-land-industry system in the northern foothills of Qinling Mountains
图 7 农业特色村人-地-业系统耦合互馈机理与调控
Fig. 7. Coupled mutual feedback mechanism and regulation of human-land-industry systems in agricultural characteristic village
图 8 旅游特色村人-地-业系统耦合互馈机理与调控
Fig. 8. Coupled mutual feedback mechanism and regulation of human-land-industry systems in tourism characteristic village
表 1 秦岭北麓乡村类型特征与数量
Table 1. Characteristics and quantity of village types in the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains
类型 人地相互作用强度 地貌类型 发展方向 主要生计方式 劳动力主要投入方向 数量 平原农耕型 弱 平原 发展传统农业 务农主导+半工半农+旅游务工 传统农业种植+非农生计活动 189 山区农耕型 弱 山区 发展传统农业 务农主导+半工半农+务工主导 传统农业种植+非农生计活动 50 平原果园型 弱 平原 经济作物种植与加工 务农主导+半工半农+旅游务工 传统农业与设施农业+非农生计活动 242 山区果园型 弱 山区 经济作物种植与加工 务农主导+半工半农+务工主导 传统农业与设施农业+非农生计活动 16 平原生态型 弱 平原 生态保护 务农主导+半工半农+旅游务工 林业与生态经济+非农生计活动 120 山区生态型 弱 山区 生态保护 务农主导+半工半农+旅游务工+务工主导 林业与生态经济+非农生计活动 371 旅游型 强 多数为平原 发展旅游业 旅游主导+旅游务工+务工主导 非农生计活动 40 集镇型 强或弱 多数为平原 生活服务和城乡联系 务工主导 非农生计活动 81 
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表 2 秦岭北麓典型区域基本特征
Table 2. Basic characteristics of typical villages in the northern foothills of Qinling Mountains
类型
（名称）平均海拔(m) 人口数/人（户籍，常住） 自然条件 区位条件 主要产业 平原农耕型（团结村） 522.25 1 244，1 314 土质一般，依赖天然降雨的水利灌溉 紧邻107省道 农业：小麦、玉米、油菜；非农产业：民宿和研学 山区农耕型（王湾村） 796.97 1 176，约550 耕地破碎化 交通条件较差 农业：小麦、红薯和玉米；非农产业：粉条加工 平原果园型（周一村） 505.37 3 257，约2 600 沙质壤土，年均光照充足 紧邻107省道 农业：猕猴桃；非农产业：猕猴桃全产业链运营、特色民宿 山区果园型（河湾口村） 651.49 1 182，约600 地势南北高、中间低，被灞河、清河两条河流包围，洪灾易发生 “中国的第二个敦煌”水陆庵所在地 农业：花椒、白皮松、连翘、黄豆；非农产业：旅游业 平原生态型（太平口村） 618.27 523，约300 土壤瘠薄 靠近比亚迪工厂 农业：葡萄、樱桃 山区生态型（石砭峪新村） 1 328.93 1 759，约1 400 石砭峪河流经，植物资源优势强 位于石砭峪口，移民搬迁后合并而成 农业：中蜂养殖、油菜和中药材；非农产业：农产品电商、特色民宿 山区生态型（李家岩村） 648.41 862，约500 域内有“关中八景”之一高冠瀑布 位于高冠峪口，附近旅游资源丰富 农业：葡萄；非农产业：旅游业 旅游型（太乙村） 1 504.54 2 630，约2 000 目前几乎无耕地，均已退耕还林 靠近翠华山和终南山景区，靠近西安翻译学院 农业：核桃、板栗；非农产业：旅游业和新业态 集镇型（草堂营村） 469.91 3 220，约2 500 耕地被征收作为建设用地 域内有草堂寺，靠近西安建筑科技大学 农业：葡萄；非农产业：旅游业
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表 3 访谈对象基本情况
Table 3. Basic information about the interviewees
分类 人数 分类 人数 性别 男 34 村（类型） 团结村（平原农耕型） 7 女 15 王湾村（山区农耕型） 3 年龄 16~24岁 1 周一村（平原果园型） 3 25~34岁 8 河湾口村（山区果园型） 5 35~49岁 16 太平口村（平原生态型） 6 50~64岁 17 石砭峪新村（山区生态型） 3 ≥65岁 7 李家岩村（山区生态型） 9 身份 村干部 14 太乙村（旅游型） 2 村企业管理者或职员 9 草堂营村（集镇型） 11 个体经营户 8 旅游景区管理者 5 普通村民 13
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表 4 各类型乡村人-地-业关系特征
Table 4. Characteristics of human-land-industry relationships in various types of villages
乡村类型 人-地-业关系特征 山区型 交通可达性、灾害风险等因素制约人口聚集与土地开发，传统农业受地形制约效率低下，青壮年外流普遍. 精准定位自身特色可产生良好的产业转型. 自然灾害可直接破坏农用地和生态用地，产业基础受损，倒逼生计方式转型 平原型 平坦地形与交通优势支持规模化农业与经济或政策驱动型商业，如自然教育、高校经济，以及土地流转的衍生业态，抗市场风险能力较强. 这些产业吸引人口集聚，形成相对稳定乡村 农耕型 土地依赖传统种植，缺乏技术赋能，产业附加值低，极易造成青壮年外流，劳动力短缺加剧产业空心化 果园型 经济作物种植+初加工，部分延伸至旅游业. 产业链提供季节性就业，但难以长期稳定人口 生态型 保护与开发的矛盾长期存在，人-地-业系统特征受生态保护政策影响大 旅游型 依托自然或文化景观资源，旅游业带动短期人口集聚，但可能缺乏持续就业机会，人口波动大. 高度依赖游客流量，产业单一化风险较大 集镇型 教育、服务业等多重外部驱动力，抗市场波动和政策风险能力高，多元化产业支撑人口本地化，经济活力强
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