Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation-Evolution Analysis of Medium-Low Temperature Geothermal Systems with High Salinity in Coastal Western Guangdong
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摘要: 沿海地区地热系统易受到海水入侵，导致地热水的盐度升高，降低利用效率，增加利用成本.广东省作为我国重要的中低温地热资源分布区，其沿海地带地热系统的海水入侵情况及其影响作用等仍缺乏系统研究.基于粤西地区35个地热水、1个地下冷水和1个海水的理化数据，综合水化学、同位素及多种图解分析，探讨其水化学特征、海水入侵情况及形成演化.研究结果表明沿海地区地热水明显受到海水入侵影响，具有高盐度的特点，最高混合比例达到41.88%，从内陆到沿海地区，地热水的水化学类型由重碳酸盐型转变为氯化物型.地热水主要补给来源是大气降水，在晚更新世至全新世时期，云开山脉与天露山脉地区的大气降水下渗，与90~126 ℃的热储围岩接触而逐渐升温；而后海进运动使得地热水受到大规模古海水混入，热对流的“抽吸效应”还会加速海水运移，临海地区持续受到海水侵入，最终形成高盐度中低温地热水.Abstract: Coastal geothermal systems are prone to seawater intrusion, which can increase the salinity of geothermal water, reduce its utilization efficiency, and raise operational costs. As a significant region for medium-low temperature geothermal resources in China, the coastal areas of Guangdong Province still lack systematic research on seawater intrusion into geothermal systems and its impacts. This study investigates the hydrochemical characteristics, seawater intrusion extent and formation mechanisms based on physicochemical data from 35 geothermal water samples, one cold groundwater sample and one seawater sample in western Guangdong Province. Comprehensive analyses including hydrochemistry, isotopes and multivariate graphical interpretation methods, are employed to explore these aspects. The research results indicate that coastal geothermal water exhibits visible seawater intrusion characteristics with high salinity levels, demonstrating a maximum mixing proportion reaching 41.88%. The hydrochemical types evolve from bicarbonate-type in inland areas to chloride-type in coastal zones. The geothermal water is primarily recharged by atmospheric precipitation. During the Late Pleistocene to Holocene period, infiltrated meteoric water from the Yunkai Mountain and Tianlu Mountain areas interacted with geothermal reservoir rocks at a temperature of 90-126 ℃, undergoing gradual temperature elevation. Subsequently, marine transgression events induced large-scale paleo-seawater mixing into the geothermal system, where seawater migration was accelerated by thermal convection "pumping effects". Thereafter, sustained seawater intrusion has persistently affected coastal areas, ultimately forming medium-low temperature geothermal water with high salinity characteristics.
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图 1 研究区采样点位及地质简图
a. 恩平‒新丰断裂带；b. 吴川‒四会断裂带；c. 罗定‒悦城断裂带；d. 三舟‒西樵山大断裂
Fig. 1. Sampling site and simplified geological map of the study area
图 2 研究区地热水样Piper三线图（单位：%）
Fig. 2. Piper diagram of geothermal water sample in the study area (unit: %)
图 3 地热水δD-δ18O分布（a）和地热水补给区高程（b）
Fig. 3. δD-δ18O distribution (a) of geothermal water samples; elevation (b) of geothermal water recharge area
图 4 研究区地热水年龄与海进时间分布
海平面变化曲线来源于张虎男和赵红梅（1990）
Fig. 4. Distribution of geothermal water age and transgression time in the study area
图 5 地热水中离子比值
Fig. 5. Elevation of geothermal water recharge area a. Na+/Cl--Cl-; b. Br-/Cl--Cl-
图 6 研究区地热水‒海水混合比例分布
Fig. 6. Distribution map of geothermal water-seawater mixing ratio in the study area
图 13 粤西高盐度地热水形成演化模型
等温线数据来源于汪啸（2018）
Fig. 13. Formation and evolution model of high-salinity geothermal water in western Guangdong
表 1 地热水热储温度（℃）
Table 1. Geothermal water thermal storage temperature (℃)
ID 临海 ID 内陆 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 W-01 158 161 106 103 78 73 W-07 259 212 97 93 69 63 W-02 179 168 102 99 74 68 W-08 296 242 92 88 64 57 W-03 279 218 103 100 76 70 W-09 192 190 111 109 84 80 W-04 106 132 86 80 57 49 W-10 189 174 87 81 58 50 W-05 175 173 113 112 86 83 W-13 186 166 115 113 87 84 W-06 193 182 116 115 89 86 W-14 145 135 129 131 103 103 W-11 151 160 93 89 65 58 W-15 169 145 93 89 65 58 W-12 150 149 88 83 60 52 W-16 496 196 121 121 95 93 W-21 144 135 107 105 80 76 W-17 171 159 131 132 104 105 W-23 176 162 131 132 104 105 W-18 175 160 110 108 83 79 W-26 148 160 143 147 117 121 W-19 156 149 124 124 97 96 Z-01 233 170 151 156 126 132 W-20 159 149 110 108 83 79 Z-02 235 170 126 127 100 99 W-22 219 157 120 119 93 91 Z-04 178 139 143 147 118 122 W-24 180 151 127 128 101 100 Z-05 223 168 131 132 104 105 W-25 132 127 143 147 117 121 Z-09 107 124 106 103 78 73 Z-03 94 118 55 47 27 14 Z-06 134 140 115 114 88 85 Z-07 135 150 122 122 95 94 Z-08 105 124 116 116 89 87 均值 177 161 116 115 89 87 均值 189 160 111 110 84 81 注：T1：Na-K，T=933/[lg（Na/K）+0.993] -273.15（Arnórsson，1983）；T2：Na-K-Ca，T=1 647/[lg（Na/K）+（1/3）（lg（Ca1/2/Na）+2.06）+2.47]-273.15（Fournier and Truesdell, 1973）；T3：石英（最大蒸汽损失），T=[1 522/（5.73-lgSiO2）]-273.15（Fournier，1977）；T4：石英（无蒸汽损失），T=[1 309/（5.19-lgSiO2）]-273.15（Fournier，1977）；T5：玉髓（最大蒸汽损失），T=[1 264/（5.31-lgSiO2）]-273.15（Arnórsson，1983）；T6：玉髓（无蒸汽损失），T=[1 032/（4.69-lgSiO2）]-273.15（Fournier，1977）. 
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