Intelligent Monitoring and Distribution Characteristics of Seismic Activity in Huai'an Salt Mining Area, Jiangsu Province
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摘要: 淮安地区2021年小震活动短期内显著增强，为解答该地区地震活动与盐矿开采的关系，覆盖盐矿区加密布设了由54个短周期地震仪组成的台阵，开展了为期一年的地震观测.利用深度学习地震自动检测方法，并经绝对和相对重新定位后，构建的矿区高分辨地震目录，极大提升了矿区微小地震位置尤其是震源深度的定位精准性，有效提升了对小尺度盐矿区地震活动的监测能力.结合该区工业生产背景和地质情况，得出以下主要认识：矿区以微震活动为主，在空间上呈两个震群分布，1号震群位于盐井下方，震源深度上明显浅于2号震群；2号震群位于距盐井数公里的地表涌水区，时间上滞后于1号震群约8个月.据分析判断，1号震群可能与开采活动直接相关，而2号震群可能与流体扩散引起的局部断层活化有关.该研究表明，基于覆盖矿区、密集布设的台阵和智能检测技术，可极大提升对盐矿区微小地震活动分布特征及发震机理的认识，为盐矿区优化生产管控方案提供关键依据.Abstract: In 2021, the small earthquake activity significantly increased in the short term. To investigate the relationship between seismic activity and salt mining in the region, it deployed a dense array of 54 short period seismographs in the salt mining area and carried out a one-year microseismic monitoring. The high-resolution earthquake catalog for mining areas, constructed using deep learning earthquake automatic detection methods and absolute and relative repositioning, greatly improves the accuracy of locating the epicenter position, especially the depth of the earthquake source, of small earthquakes in mining areas, effectively enhancing the monitoring ability of seismic activity in small-scale salt mining areas. Combined with the industrial production background and geological conditions of the area, the following main understandings are obtained. The mining area is mainly characterized by microseismic activity, which is distributed in two independent earthquake clusters in space. The cluster 1 is located below the salt well, with a significantly shallower depth of the earthquake source than the cluster 2. The cluster 2 is located in the surface water inflow area that several kilometers far from the salt well, and lags behind the cluster 1 by about 8 months in time. After analysis, it is possible that the cluster 1 is directly related to mining activities, while the cluster 2 may be related to local fault activation caused by fluid diffusion. This study indicates that based on dense array covering mining areas and intelligent detection technology, the understanding of the distribution characteristics and seismic mechanisms of small earthquakes in salt mining areas can be greatly improved, which can provide key basis for optimizing production control plans.
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Key words:
- artificial intelligence /
- earthquake detection /
- inducing seismic activity /
- seismic hazard /
- seismology
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图 1 （a）研究区的主要断层和地震活动以及（b）台站分布
灰色实心圆表示历史地震，红色实心圆表示中国数字地震台网（CDSN）在本研究观测期内记录到的地震.灰色阴影表示淮安盐矿区（舒福明，2004）
Fig. 1. (a) Main faults and seismic activity of the study area, and (b) observation stations distribution
图 2 （a）REAL、（b）Hypoinverse和（c）HypoDD方法给出的地震位置
Fig. 2. Earthquake locations determined by (a) REAL, (b) Hypoinverse, and (c) HypoDD methods
图 3 微震监测台阵地震相对定位震源分布
Fig. 3. Relative earthquake location distribution obtained from the microseismic monitoring array
图 4 地震监测台阵相对定位震源深度分布
a.全部震源；b.1号震群；c.2号震群
Fig. 4. Focal depth distribution of earthquakes detected by the microseismic monitoring array
图 5 微震监测台阵相对定位震源M-T图
Fig. 5. Magnitude-time (M-T) diagram of earthquake locations obtained from the microseismic monitoring array
图 6 地震监测台阵相对定位震源震级分布
a.全部震源；b.1号震群；c.2号震群
Fig. 6. Magnitude distribution of earthquake locations detected by the microseismic monitoring array
图 7 地震监测台阵相对定位水平和深度误差分布
a、d.全部震源；b、e.1号震群；c、f.2号震群
Fig. 7. Distribution of horizontal and depth errors in earthquake relative location estimates for the microseismic monitoring array
图 8 微震监测台阵地震相对定位震源时间分布（a）和剖面上的事件投影分布（b~e）
a. 灰色虚线分别表示2016年、2017年和2018年盐矿区的涌水范围（修改自王岩生和胡新兆，2019）；红线表示盐矿分布形态（舒福明，2004）. A1A2、B1B2、C1C2和D1D2上的黑色虚线表示可能存在隐伏断层
Fig. 8. Distribution of earthquake origin times relative to location, as detected by the microseismic monitoring array (a) and vents projection on profiles (b-e)
图 9 1号震群震源震级‒深度分布
Fig. 9. Magnitude-depth distribution of earthquakes within Cluster 1
表 1 定位中使用的速度模型
Table 1. Velocity model used in location
顶层深度(km) P波速度(km/s) S波速度(km/s) 0.00 2.663 9 1.046 0.70 3.018 0 1.185 0.90 3.445 8 1.353 1.80 3.692 9 1.450 2.40 3.920 4 1.539 3.00 4.00 2.250 5.00 6.10 3.430 10.00 6.20 3.480 20.00 6.30 3.540 27.00 6.50 3.650 30.00 6.80 3.820 
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表 2 HASH方法获得的震源机制解
Table 2. Focal mechanism solution obtained by HASH method
发震时刻 经度(°) 纬度(°) 深度(km) 震级 走向(°) 倾角(°) 滑动角(°) 残差 2021.06.30 07:19:48.7 118.844 33.392 3.44 2.12 250 43 105 3 2021.06.30 08:13:09.2 118.840 33.391 3.23 1.71 250 42 107 4
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表 3 震群特征及发震机理
Table 3. Characteristics and mechanisms of earthquake clusters
特征参数 1号震群 2号震群 震中位置 盐矿主要开采区 盐矿开采区北侧，线性特征明显 震源深度 5 km以上，深度优势分布1.5~4.5 km（159个地震，93%），峰值深度为3~4 km（102个地震，59.6%） 6 km以上，优势深度分布2.5~5 km，各深度地震数量差异不大 地震震级（ML） 集中分布在-0.4~1.0，0.2级以下地震94个（55%），1.0级以上地震8个 集中分布在0.2~1.0，0.2级以下地震4个（5.9%），1.0级以上地震10个. 发震时刻 集中分布在2021年3~7月、9月和11~12月 集中分布在2021年11~12月，滞后于1号震群 MC 0.4 0.4 平均定位误差 0.165 km 0.199 km 发震机理 浅部地震由流体与裂缝直接作用而诱发，深部地震是流体压力扩散改变了盐矿层底部的局部应力条件，激活了隐伏断层，触发微震 1号震群区域的高压注水活动导致地下流体通过运移通道激活了隐伏断层，沿断层诱发了2号震群
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