Genesis of Garnet in Calc-Alkaline Volcanic Rocks from Xishan Complex in Nanling Region, and Its Geological Significance
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摘要: 保存在钙碱性火山岩中的石榴子石不仅可以限定岩浆结晶的温压条件，而且可以揭示寄主岩浆的演化历史，具有重要的成因意义. 然而，全球范围内产出在钙碱性火山岩中的石榴子石非常稀少，且目前对于该类岩石中石榴子石的成因还存在很大争议. 西山侏罗纪含榴英安岩中产出了岩浆型、变质型、转熔型3种成因石榴子石晶体. 岩浆型石榴子石，多数以单晶形式存在，不发育反应边，成分上贫MgO（0.92%~2.37%）、CaO（1.21%~2.85%）、MnO（0.82%~1.64%），富FeO（36.01%~39.82%）；变质型石榴子石，发育钠长石反应边，成分上富MgO（7.42%~8.46%）、FeO（27.80%~30.99%），贫CaO（1.32%~1.33%）、MnO（0.56%~0.60%）；转熔型石榴子石，MgO（2.89%~3.55%）、FeO（34.57%~37.39%）、CaO（2.08%~2.51%）、MnO（0.72%~1.17%）含量介于岩浆型、变质型石榴子石之间. 在稀土元素组成上，三类石榴子石均显示出LREE强烈亏损的特征，但岩浆型石榴子石富集HREE，Eu负异常（Eu/Eu*=0.004~0.005）最显著；变质型石榴子石亏损HREE，稀土元素总含量（∑REE=64×10-6~72×10-6）明显低于岩浆型石榴子石（∑REE=681×10-6~906×10-6），具弱负Eu异常（Eu/Eu*=0.24）；转熔型石榴子石稀土元素特征总体上介于岩浆型、变质型石榴子石之间（∑REE=673×10-6~2 731×10-6；Eu/Eu*=0.02~0.03），且含量变化范围较大. 岩相学、矿物化学等特征一致表明西山含榴英安岩中的岩浆型石榴子石是下地壳高温（740~959 ℃）、高压（> 7 kbar）、低氧逸度logfO2（-23.67~-12.32）岩浆演化早期结晶的产物；变质型石榴子石是在岩浆型石榴子石晶出之后，经由火山喷发作用从源岩捕获的变质晶体；转熔型石榴子石则是研究区下地壳变泥质岩减压部分熔融过程中，由黑云母脱水部分熔融形成的. 结合区域地质背景以及岩石中锆石、石榴子石Hf-O同位素等特征，认为西山含榴英安岩可能源于成熟度较高的变沉积岩，且形成于伸展构造背景.Abstract: Garnets preserved in calc-alkaline volcanic rocks can not only constrain the temperature and pressure conditions of magma crystallization, but also can reveal the evolution history of the host magma, presenting significant genetic implications. However, garnet occurring in calc-alkaline volcanic rocks is extremely rare globally, and there remain substantial controversies regarding the genesis of such garnets. In the Jurassic garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex, three genetic types of garnet crystals coexist: magmatic garnet, metamorphic garnet and peritectic garnet. Magmatic garnets mostly occur as single crystals without reaction rims, characterized by low MgO (0.92%~2.37%), CaO (1.21%~2.85%), and MnO (0.82%~1.64%) contents, but high FeO (36.01%~39.82%) contents. Metamorphic garnets develop albite reaction rims. In terms of composition, they are rich in MgO (7.42%~8.46%) and FeO (27.80%~30.99%), and poor in CaO (1.32%~1.33%) and MnO (0.56%~0.60%). For peritectic garnets, the contents of MgO (2.89%~3.55%), FeO (34.57%~37.39%), CaO (2.08%~2.51%), and MnO (0.72%~1.17%) are all between those of the former two types. In terms of rare earth elements (REE), all three types of garnet exhibit strong depletion in light REE(LREE). Notably, magmatic garnets are enriched in heavy REE(HREE), with the most significant Eu negative anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.004~0.005). Metamorphic garnets are depleted in HREE, and the total rare earth element content (∑REE=64×10-6~72×10-6) is significantly lower than those of the magmatic garnets (∑REE=681×10-6~906×10-6), with a weaker Eu negative anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.24). The characteristics of rare earth element of peritectic garnets are generally between those of magmatic and metamorphic garnets (∑REE=673×10-6~2 731×10-6; Eu/Eu*=0.02~0.03), and the content variation range is relatively large. Petrographic and mineral chemical characteristics consistently indicate that the magmatic garnets in the garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex is a product of early crystallization during magma evolution under high-temperature (740~959 ℃), high-pressure (> 7 kbar), and low oxygen fugacity (logfO2: -23.67 to -12.32) conditions in the lower crust. In contrast, the metamorphic garnets are metamorphic crystal captured from the source rock by volcanic eruption after the former crystallized. The peritectic garnets were formed by partial melting of biotite dehydration during the decompression partial melting process of metapelitic rocks in the lower crust of the study area. Combining with the regional geological context and Hf-O isotopic characteristics of zircon and garnet, this study suggests that the Xishan garnet-bearing dacite may be derived from relatively mature metasedimentary rocks and formed in an extensional tectonic setting.
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Key words:
- garnet /
- dacite /
- extensional tectonic setting /
- Xishan complex /
- Nanling Region /
- structural geology
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图 1 九嶷山复式岩体地质简图
1. 白垩系；2. 石炭系；3. 泥盆系；4. 寒武系；5. 震旦系；6. 志留纪花岗岩；7. 中侏罗世细粒斑状二长花岗岩；8. 中侏罗世粗中粒斑状正长花岗岩；9. 中侏罗世中细粒花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩；10. 中侏罗世浅色碎斑熔岩；11. 中侏罗世黑色碎斑熔岩；12. 中侏罗世英安/流纹（斑）岩；13. 地质界线；14. 不整合界线；15. 断层；16. 采样点
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the Jiuyishan composite pluton
图 2 西山含榴英安岩手标本以及岩石中不同类型石榴子石显微照片
a. 含榴英安岩手标本；b. 类型Ⅰ石榴子石，晶体自形程度较好，整体形态相对完整，均发育裂隙，受熔蚀现象显著，部分晶体形态因熔蚀和破碎显得较为不规则，均无明显的反应边结构；c. 类型Ⅱ石榴子石，可见非常明显的反应边结构，反应边围绕石榴子石晶体生长，与石榴子石主体在光学特征、矿物组成方面均存在显著差异；d. 类型Ⅲ石榴子石，自形程度较差，晶体形态相对不规则，晶体轮廓较清晰，内部未见明显包裹矿物
Fig. 2. Hand specimen and microphotographs of different types of garnets in the garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex
图 3 西山含榴英安岩中3种类型石榴子石EPMA端元成分剖面图
a，b. 类型Ⅰ石榴子石；c，d. 类型Ⅱ石榴子石；e，f. 类型Ⅲ石榴子石
Fig. 3. EPMA composition profiles of typical magmatic garnets in the garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex
图 4 西山含榴英安岩中3种类型石榴子石球粒陨石标准化稀土配分图（a）和斯威士兰姆洪多谷变质岩套中转熔成因石榴子石标准化稀土配分图（b）
图b数据来源于Taylor and Stevens（2010）；标准化值据Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 4. Chondrite-normalized Rare Earth Element(REE) distribution patterns of three types of garnets in garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex (a) and peritectic garnets from the Mkhondo Valley Metamorphic Suite in Swaziland (b)
图 5 西山含榴英安岩中3种类型石榴子石代表性稀土、微量元素二元图解
Fig. 5. Binary diagrams of representative rare earth and trace elements of three types of garnets in the garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex
图 6 类型Ⅰ石榴子石能谱面扫描元素分布图
Fig. 6. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) surface scanning elemental distribution map of Type Ⅰ Garnet
图 7 类型Ⅱ石榴子石能谱面扫描元素分布图
Fig. 7. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) surface scanning elemental distribution map of Type Ⅱ
图 8 类型Ⅲ石榴子石能谱面扫描元素分布图
Fig. 8. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) surface scanning elemental distribution map of Type Ⅲ Garnet
图 9 西山含榴英安岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图及加权平均年龄图
Fig. 9. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia diagram and weighted mean age diagram for the garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex
图 10 石榴子石分类三角图
a，b.引自Hamer et al.（1982）；c. 引自Dahlquist et al.（2007）；A. 火山岩浆中晶出的石榴子石组分；B. 变质成因的石榴子石组分；C. 深成侵入岩浆中晶出的石榴子石组分Alm. 铁铝榴石；Sps. 锰铝榴石；Grs. 钙铝榴石；Prp. 镁铝榴石；图例同图 5
Fig. 10. Triangular variation diagrams of garnet composition
图 11 西山含榴英安岩δ18O‰加权平均图（a）和εHf(t)-T(Ma)图（b）
图b中阴影部分为南岭西段岩体分布范围（舒徐洁，2014）
Fig. 11. δ18O‰ weighted mean diagram (a) and εHf(t) vs. T(Ma) (b) diagram(b) of garnet-bearing dacite from Xishan complex
图 12 石榴子石MnO-CaO二元图解
底图引自Harangi et al.（2001）；Deh-Saml和La Herradura地区的石榴子石数据分别引自Mirnejad et al.（2008b）和Sieck et al.（2019）
Fig. 12. MnO vs. CaO binary diagram of garnets
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