Fault Development Characteristics in the Western Junggar Basin and Implications for Petroleum Geology
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摘要: 准噶尔盆地西部地区（准西地区）经历多旋回构造演化，其内部复杂断裂的形成时代、复活机制及控藏作用不明，制约油气勘探部署.通过覆盖区地震资料和盆缘露头构造解析，开展断裂发育特征、形成机制及油气地质意义研究.该区发育四期构造变形，受控于不同动力学背景：海西期受多板块多向碰撞挤压，形成N-S向脆韧性、NW向韧脆性及NE向脆性逆冲推覆断裂；印支期受准噶尔地块旋转与E-W向挤压，发育盆缘右旋压扭断裂及近E-W向共轭剪破裂体系；燕山期，受班公湖‒怒江洋NNE向俯冲影响，达尔布特断裂带左行走滑剪切，派生NW向与E-W向缝网状次级走滑断裂；喜山期，受北天山快速隆升影响，准西地区掀斜拉张，形成放射状、阶梯状正断裂.油气地质意义上，海西期逆冲断裂构成油气封堵边界，形成断背斜、断块圈闭；印支期“断‒断”输导体系输导油气，形成石炭系风化壳和内幕2类古油藏，发育复合圈闭；燕山期缝网状断裂主导油气向西超远距离输导，并推动部分油气向侏罗‒白垩系聚集；喜山期正断裂沟通深层油气向新近系调整，形成构造‒地层圈闭.不同期次断裂通过储层改造、纵横输导、古藏上调，控制多套含油层系纵向有序叠置，构成立体勘探格架，为准西地区油气勘探提供理论支撑.Abstract: The western Junggar Basin (WJB) has undergone multi-stage tectonic evolution. However, there are still uncertainties regarding the deformation timing, reactivation dynamics, and reservoir-controlling effect of complex faults within the WJB, which restricts oil and gas evaluation and exploration efforts. In this paper, it clarified the development characteristics and reservoir-controlling mechanisms of faults at different stages through integrated structural analysis of intra-basin seismic data and basin-margin field outcrops. The research shows that the WJB has mainly undergone four stages of deformation, each controlled by differential dynamic settings. During the Hercynian, multi-directional plate collisions and compressions generated multi-episode thrust-nappe faults, including N-striking brittle-ductile, NW-striking ductile-brittle, and NE-striking brittle faults. During the Indosinian, thrust-transpressional faults developed in the WJB, driven by the counterclockwise rotation of the Junggar Block and EW-directed compression, with basin-margin dextral transpressional faults and near EW-striking conjugate shear faults formed. During the Yanshanian, the NNE-directed subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Ocean and the subsequent Lhasa Block collision drove left-lateral strike-slip shearing of the Darbut Fault Zone, and its Riedel shears derived NW-striking and E-striking dextral secondary strike-slip faults. During the Himalayan, the rapid uplift of the North Tianshan Mountains, driven by the India-Eurasia continental collision, triggered the rapid southward tilting of the WJB, generating extensional normal faults within the WJB. In terms of hydrocarbon geological significance, Hercynian thrust-nappe faults were later intensely filled with hydrothermal fluids, forming boundaries that seal oil and gas in deep formations, and basic traps such as faulted anticlines and fault blocks developed concurrently. The Indosinian "fault-fault" migration system transported oil and gas from source rock areas to the Carboniferous, forming two types of paleo-oil reservoirs in the Carboniferous, namely weathered crust reservoirs and interior reservoirs, and developing composite traps concurrently.Yanshanian reticular faults dominated ultra-long-distance westward oil and gas migration, and differential strike-slip movement promoted the migration and accumulation of some oil and gas into the overlying Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. Himalayan normal faults channeled deep oil and gas upward to adjust and accumulate in the Neogene, with the concurrent formation of structural-stratigraphic traps. Multi-stage faults regulated differential hydrocarbon accumulation through reservoir modification, vertical-horizontal migration, and paleo-reservoir adjustment. The vertically ordered superimposition of multiple oil-bearing intervals forms a stereoscopic exploration framework, providing theoretical support for hydrocarbon exploration breakthroughs in the WJB.
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图 1 准噶尔盆地构造单元划分（a）及准西地区构造地质简图（b）
Fig. 1. Tectonic unit division of the Junggar Basin (a) and tectonic sketch map of the western Junggar Basin (b)
图 2 准西地区断裂体系地震剖面图（剖面位置见图 1）
Fig. 2. Seismic profile of the fault system in the western Junggar Basin
图 3 准西车排子凸起侏罗系平面分布（a）与剖面连井储层发育特征图（b）（位置见图 1）
Fig. 3. Jurassic distribution (a) and connecting-well section of reservoir development characteristics in the Chepaizi Uplift, western Junggar Basin (b)
图 5 准西盆‒山过渡区地震相干‒时间切片与断裂分期活动特征（平面位置见图 1）
Fig. 5. Seismic coherence-time slices and staged activity characteristics of faults in the basin-mountain transition zone of the western Junggar
图 6 准西缘石炭系野外构造变形特征（野外点位位置见图 1）
a.石炭系S1面理卷入N-S向F1褶皱变形（白色虚线），被NW向F2褶皱（黄色虚线）叠加改造，形成S2面理，整体被后期E-W向花状走滑断裂（红色实线）所切割，吴氏网，下半球，黑点为面理极点，红线为褶皱轴面；b. 石炭系NW向F2逆断裂（黄色实线）被NE向F3逆断裂（红色实线）截切，吴氏网，下半球，灰线为F2断裂，黑线为F3断裂；c. 石炭系最晚期E-W向推覆断裂（白色实线），为区域露头最后一期变形，图中切割了F2褶皱（黄色虚线）及E-W向花状走滑断裂（红色实线）；d. 三叠系发育E-W向和NWW向共轭剪切断裂（红色粗线），切割了早期NW向等逆冲断裂，吴氏网，下半球，黑线为F2断裂，蓝线为共轭剪切断裂；e. 侏罗系发育E-W向、NW向两组走滑断裂，花状构造，向深层收敛（白色虚线），并被后期正断裂（浅蓝色实线）所截切
Fig. 6. Field deformation characteristics of the Carboniferous in the western Junggar
图 7 准西地区及邻区构造演化及应力场演变示意图
据Yi et al.（2015）；Van der Voo et al.（2015）修改
Fig. 7. Schematic diagrams of tectonic evolution and associated stress field changes in the western Junggar Block and its adjacent areas
图 8 准西地区燕山期走滑断裂构造演化过程模式
a. 燕山早期，在N-S向挤压应力作用下，达尔布特断裂带发生左行走滑，派生的NW向（R’剪切）和E-W向（P’剪切）右旋走滑断裂，自西向东延伸至车排子凸起，部分NW向断裂末端发育马尾状构造；b. 燕山晚期，受拉萨地块NNE向碰撞控制，达尔布特断裂带持续左行走滑，派生断裂呈近主断裂端右旋、远主断裂端左旋的差异剪切特征
Fig. 8. Tectonic evolution process of Yanshanian strike-slip faults in the western Junggar
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