Progress and Prospects of Geological Scientific Drilling beneath Antarctic Ice Sheet and in Southern Ocean
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摘要: 南极冰下及大洋地质样品对于认识南极地质构造演化、南极冰盖稳定性、南大洋对全球气候环境的影响机制等世界前沿科学问题至关重要.科学钻探是获取南极冰下及大洋地质样品的唯一技术手段.近年来，美国研发了系列南极冰下及大洋科学钻探装备与钻具，并实施了大量科学钻探工程.我国虽然也开展了南极冰下基岩取心钻探装备的研发，并成功在南极进行了应用，但与美国相比，仍有较大差距.系统梳理了国内外南极冰下基岩钻探、冰架下地质钻探和南大洋地质钻探所涉及的钻探技术和钻探工程.提出了适合我国国情的南极冰下及大洋地质科学钻探发展建议，主要为发展冰层/冰下基岩快速钻探技术、南极冰架下地质科学钻探技术和南极冰区大洋科学钻探技术，并开展相关钻探工程，以期为我国极地科技规划制订提供参考.Abstract: Geological samples beneath the Antarctic ice and in the Southern Ocean are crucial for understanding the evolution of the Antarctic geology, the stability of the Antarctic ice sheet and the influence mechanisms of the Southern Ocean on global climate and environment. Scientific drilling is the only technical means to obtain such samples. In recent years, the United States has developed a series of scientific drilling equipment and tools for drilling beneath the Antarctic ice and in the Southern Ocean, and has carried out a large number of scientific drilling projects. Although China has also carried out the research and development of drilling equipment for subglacial bedrock coring and successfully applied it in Antarctica, there is still a considerable gap compared with the United States. This paper systematically reviews the drilling technologies and projects at home and abroad involved in drilling beneath the Antarctic ice, beneath the ice shelves, and in the Southern Ocean, and proposes development suggestions for scientific drilling beneath the Antarctic ice and in the Southern Ocean that are suitable for China's national conditions with the aim of providing a reference for the formulation of China's polar science and technology plans.
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Key words:
- Antarctica /
- subglacial bedrock /
- ice shelve /
- Southern Ocean /
- geological scientific drilling /
- marine geology
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图 1 近年来南极冰下及大洋地质科学钻探工程位置
Fig. 1. Drilling locations of Antarctic subglacial and Southern Ocean geological drilling projects
图 2 RAID钻机系统原理设计图（李冰等，2021）
Fig. 2. Principle design diagram of RAID drilling rig system
图 3 IBED孔底回转动力式钻机系统结构示意图（张楠等，2020）
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of IBED bottom rotary power drilling rig system
图 4 Winkie钻机在墨菲山（a）和俄亥俄山脉（b）钻取的冰岩界面样品（Braddock et al.，2024）
Fig. 4. The ice-bedrock interface samples from Mount Murphy (a) and Ohio Range (b) obtained by Winkie drill
图 5 ASIG钻机南极野外钻探现场（Boeckmann et al.，2021）
Fig. 5. ASIG drill in the Antarctica field drilling site
图 6 RAID钻机获得的冰下地质样品（Goodge et al.，2021）
Fig. 6. The subglacial geological samples obtained by RAID drill
图 7 IBED钻机钻取的冰下基岩样品（张楠等，2020；Talalay et al.，2025）
Fig. 7. The subglacial geological samples obtained by IBED drill
图 8 ANDRILL钻机（Naish et al.，2007）
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram showing the main elements of ANDRILL drill
图 9 AIDD钻机使用的海底沉积物取样钻具（Patterson et al.，2022）
Fig. 9. Ocean sediment samples drilling tool used by AIDD drill
图 11 “决心”号钻探船防震水下电视系统（朱芝同等，2020）
Fig. 11. The Seismic-Resistant Underwater TV System of "Jordis Resolution" drilling vessel
图 12 APC钻具结构原理图（Weber et al.，2021b）
Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of APC drilling tool structure
图 13 XCB钻具结构原理图（Weber et al.，2021b）
Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of XCB drilling tool structure
图 14 RCB钻具结构原理图（Weber et al.，2021b）
Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of RCB drilling tool structure
表 1 美国冰下基岩钻探工程主要技术参数（Boeckmann et al.，2021；Goodge et al.，2021；Kuhl et al.，2021；Braddock et al.，2025）
Table 1. Main technical parameters of United States subglacial bedrock drilling projects
冰下基岩钻具名称 应用地点/初始地层/时间 设计钻进深度(m) 最大钻进冰层厚度(m) 基岩取心目标(m) 单孔最大岩心长度(m) 岩心直径(mm) 粒雪层
钻进方式钻井液 钻井液防漏措施 冰层
钻进方式冰岩夹层
钻进方式基岩层
钻进方式Winkie钻 西南极俄亥俄山脉
蓝冰2016/2017120 28.3 1.5 0.67 33.4 无粒雪层 Isopar K 套管+封隔器 Kovacs螺旋钻 聚晶金刚石复合片钻头
地质取心钻头
阶梯型孕镶金刚石钻头地质
取心钻头
孕镶
金刚石
钻头西南极墨菲山
粒雪+冰层2019/202040.9 1.37 Badger-Eclipse钻 Badger-Eclipse钻 西南极哈德逊山脉
粒雪+冰层2022/202349.6 0 Badger-Eclipse钻 Badger-Eclipse钻 西南极恩特普赖斯丘陵蓝冰2022/2023 29.5 0.47 无粒雪层 改进版Kovacs螺旋钻 ASIG钻 西南极皮里特丘陵
粒雪+冰层(2016/2017)700 150 10 5 39 螺旋取
心钻Isopar K 套管+封隔器 全面
钻头聚晶金刚石复合片钻头
阶梯型孕镶金刚石钻头孕镶
金刚石
钻头格陵兰岛冰穹普拉德霍2023 509.4 4 4.4 螺旋取
心钻Isopar K 套管+封隔器 全面
钻头聚晶金刚石复合
片钻头
阶梯型孕镶金刚
石钻头孕镶
金刚石
钻头RAID钻 西南极明纳陡崖
2019/20203 300 680 3 3 38.4 螺旋钻
取心钻ESTISOLTM 140 套管+封隔器 全面
钻头工具钢
取心钻头
聚晶金刚石复合片钻头孕镶
金刚石
钻头
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