Formation Background, Orderly Distribution of Hydrocarbon, and Controlling Factors of Oman Super Basin in the Middle East
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摘要: 基于阿曼盆地油气勘探实践成果和商业油气田数据库，以含油气系统和成藏组合为单元，对其超级盆地的形成背景和油气分布规律开展分析.研究表明，阿曼盆地自前寒武纪以来经历了多旋回构造运动，但以克拉通边缘和被动陆缘为主要发育特征；总体以浅海边缘沉积为主，持续的海侵‒海退形成了优势的碳酸盐岩+膏盐/页岩岩相组合；各成藏要素高效配置，形成了5套含油气系统，垂向上叠置但互不干扰.盆地内油气分布呈现规律有序性：平面上环盐盆和隆起带分布，北部富油气、南部富油；纵向上围绕3套主力成藏组合分布，下部富油气、上部富油；富含常规油气、页岩油气和氦气，具有多层系、多类型资源立体成藏特征.分析认为阿曼盆地油气成藏与富集的主控因素有：3大主力烃源灶是油气富集和有序分布的物质基础；盐盆内厚层盐岩和区域稳定发育的页岩控制了油气纵向有序富集；多期次断裂系统和区域不整合面为烃类/非烃类立体输导和有利圈闭形成提供重要支撑.Abstract: Based on the results of oil and gas exploration practices and the commercial oil and gas field database in the Oman Basin, this study analyzes the formation background and hydrocarbon distribution patterns in the super basin using petroleum systems and plays as units. Research indicates that the Oman Basin has undergone multi-cycle tectonic movements since the Precambrian, but is primarily characterized by the development of a cratonic margin and a passive continental margin. The deposition was predominantly in shallow marine marginal environments, where continuous transgressive-regressive cycles formed dominant lithofacies associations of carbonate rocks+evaporite/mudstone. The efficient configuration of various petroleum system elements has resulted in five petroleum systems that are vertically stacked but do not interfere with each other. The distribution of oil and gas in the basin exhibits a regular and orderly pattern: spatially, it is distributed around salt basins and uplift zones, with the north being rich in both oil and gas, and the south being rich in oil; vertically, it is distributed around three major plays, with the lower sections rich in both oil and gas, and the upper sections rich in oil. The basin is rich in conventional oil and gas, shale oil and gas and helium, characterized by a three-dimensional accumulation of multi-layer and multi-type resources. The analysis concludes that the main controlling factors for hydrocarbon enrichment in the Oman Basin are: three major source kitchens serve as the material basis for hydrocarbon enrichment and orderly distribution; thick salt rocks within the salt basins and regionally stable mudstones control the vertical orderly enrichment of hydrocarbons; multi-phase fault systems and regional unconformities provide critical support for the three-dimensional migration of hydrocarbons/non-hydrocarbons and the formation of favorable traps.
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Key words:
- super basin /
- Oman Basin /
- orderly distribution /
- salt basin /
- evaporite /
- controlling factor /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 阿曼盆地位置、油气发现与综合柱状图
油气田数据据S & P Global，2025；综合柱状图改自Loosveld et al.，1996
Fig. 1. Location, hydrocarbon discoveries, and comprehensive stratigraphic column of the Oman Basin
图 2 阿曼盆地区域构造和沉积演化
据Ai-Husseini，1997；Gómez-Pérez et al.，2024；Moss et al.，2025
Fig. 2. Regional tectonics and sedimentary evolution of the Oman Basin
图 3 阿曼盆地南部前寒武系‒下寒武统海侵‒海退旋回与地层沉积（改自Gómez-Pérez et al., 2024）
Fig. 3. Transgressive-regressive cycles and stratigraphic deposition of the Precambrian-Lower Cambrian in the southern Oman Basin
图 5 阿曼盆地北部地质剖面（a）和成藏组合划分（b）
图a改自Ai-Husseini（1997），剖面位置见图 1b
Fig. 5. Geological profile of the northern Oman Basin (a) and division of petroleum systems (b)
图 6 阿曼盆地烃源岩分布与油气运移示意图（烃源岩分布据Terken et al., 2001）
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of source-rock distribution and hydrocarbon migration in the Oman Basin
图 7 南阿曼盐盆Ara组盐岩与碳酸盐岩沉积模式示意图
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of the depositional model for salt and carbonate rocks of the Ara Formation in the South Oman Salt Basin
图 8 阿曼盆地哈巴盐盆周缘油气运移模式
改自Droste，1997；剖面位置见图 1中BB’
Fig. 8. Hydrocarbon migration pattern map around the Ghaba Salt Basin in Oman Basin
表 1 阿曼盆地各构造单元石油、天然气和凝析油储量（据S & P Global，2025）
Table 1. Oil, gas, and condensate reserves in the constructive units of the Oman Basin
构造单元编号 构造单元 石油储量(108 t) 天然气储量(108 m3) 凝析油储量(108 t) 油气储量油当量合计(108 t) 油气田个数 1 苏内纳赫前渊 0.63 268.88 0.02 0.84 60 2 莱赫韦尔高地 2.87 539.69 0.00 3.26 52 3 费胡德盐盆 7.40 4 309.86 0.26 10.75 97 4 中阿曼台地 0.62 4 780.90 0.67 4.72 28 5 哈巴盐盆 2.92 9 760.55 0.93 10.86 35 6 侯格夫隆起 0.45 32.20 0.00 0.47 20 7 卜塔皂里耶隆起 0.57 274.89 0.08 0.85 15 8 哈斯法赫高地 0.28 69.17 0.00 0.34 13 9 南阿曼盐盆 5.23 1 406.60 0.24 6.48 95 10 东翼区 5.04 70.76 0.00 5.09 132 合计 26.01 21 513.51 2.21 43.66 547 
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表 2 阿曼盆地页岩油气特征参数统计（据S & P Global，2025）
Table 2. Statistical characteristic parameters of shale oil and gas in Oman Basin
参数类别 层位 埋深(km) 有效厚度(m) TOC(%) Ro(%) 岩石脆性 天然裂缝 压力系统 地质 志留系Safiq组 2~4 30~100 3~14 1.0~1.6 中等‒好/硅质含量高 发育/盐构造 正常‒超压 白垩系Natih组 1.5~3.0 10~50 2~5 0.7~1.0 好‒极好/钙质‒泥灰质 发育/构造应力 正常‒轻微超压 参数类别 层位 流体类型 单井初产(t/日) 气体组分 水平井长度(m) 压裂段数 单井压力液(104 m3) 支撑剂(103 t) 流体与工程 志留系Safiq组 轻质油，伴生气 68~270 富含液态烃，少量CO2 1 500~2 500 20~40 3~15 3~8 白垩系Natih组 轻质油/凝析油，湿气 40~160 烃类气体，可能含少量H2s 1 000~2 000 15~30 3~8 1.5~4.0
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表 3 阿曼盆地富氦气田特征参数统计（据S & P Global，2025）
Table 3. Statistical characteristic parameters of rich-helium gas field in Oman Basin
富氦气田 储层层位 氦气浓度(%) 天然气总储量(108 m3) 估算氦气资源量(108 m3) 载体气体与其他特征 Saih Rawl 石炭‒二叠系Haoshi群 0.1~0.55 4 550.85 2~3 主要载体为氮气（含量可超过30%，其余为烃类气体CH4等） Saih Nihayda 石炭‒二叠系Haoshi群 < 0.25 1 851.35 0.6~1.1 高氮、含氦，与上相似 Barik 石炭‒二叠系Haoshi群 0.04~0.3 972.68 0.3~0.6 高氮、含氦，与上相似
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