Petrogeochemistry and Metallogenesis Related to Xiongmei-Baingoin Granitic Zone in Central Tibet
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摘要: 西藏中部的雄梅-班戈-青龙乡-桑雄一带发育一条连续的花岗岩带，属于班公湖-怒江成矿带的中段.该带在近年来已发现雄梅铜矿、苦嘎铜矿、日阿铜矿和青龙乡铅锌矿等中小型矿床和矿点，但仍未有更大的找矿突破.根据全面的资料收集和野外调查，对花岗岩体的地球化学性质、物质来源和成矿地质条件进行了研究.该带花岗岩主要可分为140~125 Ma、120~110 Ma、94~72 Ma三个侵入期次以及一些新生代岩体，其中120~110 Ma为岩浆活动大爆发阶段.本区西段的早白垩世的舍索、雄梅、苦嘎花岗岩体和晚白垩世的雪如、桑心日等岩体已发现显著的铜金铁等矿化，但它们的成岩成矿物质来源和围岩性质等方面与超大型斑岩铜矿有差距，可形成类似于青草山铜矿的中-大型斑岩铜金矿床或矽卡岩型矿床，有进一步找矿的潜力.沿班戈-青龙乡-桑雄连续分布的早白垩世花岗岩带与热液型、矽卡岩型铁铅锌多金属成矿作用关系密切.Abstract: The continuous Xiongmei-Baingoin-Qinglong-Sangxiong granite zone, located in central Tibet, belongs to the middle part of the Bangong-Nujiang metallogenic belt. Small- and medium-sized deposits were discovered in recent years, such as Xiongmei, Kuga, Ri'a copper deposits and Qinglong lead-zinc deposit, but no bigger deposits were found in this zone. Based on comprehensive data collection and field investigation, research on geochemical properties, magma sources and ore-forming factors of the granitic zone was carried out. The granitic intrusive stages can be identified at 140-125 Ma, 120-110 Ma, 94-72 Ma, and some Cenozoic intrusions, with a magmatic flare-up at 120-110 Ma. In western part of this area, the Early Cretaceous Shesuo, Xiongmei, Kuga granitic intrusives and the Late Cretaceous Xueru, and Sangxinri granitic intrusives are significant ore-forming granites with copper, gold and iron deposits. However, they are different from granitic intrusives forming super-large porphyry copper deposits regarding to their magma sources and surrounding rock. They have prospecting potential to form medium- or large-sized porphyry copper, gold deposits or skarn-type deposits similar to the Qingcaoshan copper deposit. The Early Cretaceous granites distributed continuously along Baingoin, Qinglong and Sangxiong are closely related to hydrothermal and skarn-type iron, lead and zinc polymetallic mineralization.
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Key words:
- Xiongmei-Baingoin /
- granitic zone /
- petrogeochemistry /
- metallogenesis /
- geochronology
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图 2 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带地质矿产简图
文献同位素年龄据Sui et al.(2013)、Zhu et al.(2011)和Sun et al.(2015).①~㉚矿床(点)详细说明见表 1
Fig. 2. Geological sketch map of XBGZ with ore deposits
图 4 雄梅-班戈带花岗岩分类图解
DI =CIPW标准矿物Qz +Or+Ab +Ne +Lc+Kp，Eu/Eu*= EuN/(SmN × GdN)1/2
Fig. 4. Granitoid classification diagrams of XBGZ
图 5 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带t-A/CNK（a）和（Zr+Nb+Ce+Y）-(Na2O+K2O)/CaO（b）图解
图例同图 4
Fig. 5. t-A/CNK diagram (a)and (Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)-(Na2O+K2O)/CaO diagram (b)of XBGZ
图 6 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带主要成分氧化物和MgO*的Harker图解
变岩浆岩源区高镁安山岩区域据Li et al. (2014).图例同图 4
Fig. 6. Harker diagrams for major oxides and MgO* of XBGZ
图 7 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图(a、c)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b、d)
Fig. 7. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a, c) and primitive-mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams (b, d) for granitoids in XBGZ
图 8 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带(87Sr/86Sr)i-εNd(t)图解
尕尔穷、嘎拉勒铜金矿含矿斑岩数据来自赵元艺等（2011），下地壳、中上地壳和安多片麻岩范围据Zheng et al. (2015)，多龙铜矿、冈底斯N1斑岩铜矿、雅鲁藏布江缝合带MORB范围据Geng et al. (2016)，东巧蛇绿岩范围据Hu et al. (2019a)
Fig. 8. (87Sr/86Sr)i-εNd(t) diagram for granitoids in XBGZ
图 9 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带和BNS带的构造演化和成矿作用示意图
Fig. 9. Tectonic and metallogenic evolution of XBGZ and BNS
图 10 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带锆石t-εHf (t)图解
尕尔穷和嘎拉勒CuAu矿资料来自Li et al. (2017)；多龙Cu矿区、青草山Cu矿、弗野Fe矿和亚贵拉PbZn矿的范围来自Geng et al. (2016)
Fig. 10. Zircon t-εHf (t) diagram for granitoids in XBGZ
表 1 雄梅-班戈岩浆弧矿床（点）综合信息
Table 1. Comprehensive information of ore deposits and occurrences in XBGZ
编号 名称 规模 成因类型 成矿花岗岩和地层 时代 文献 ① 舍索铜(铅锌)多金属矿床 小型 矽卡岩型 花岗闪长岩.郎山组(K1l)灰岩 ~116.4 Ma 赵元艺等, 2009, 2011 ② 雄梅斑岩型铜金矿床 小型 斑岩型 花岗闪长斑岩.多尼组(K1d)砂、泥岩 ~106 Ma 曲晓明等, 2012 ③ 桑心日金铜矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩.查果罗玛组(D2-3c)灰岩 ~72 Ma 曲永贵等, 2011；陈伟等, 2019 ④ 苦嘎铜矿床 中型 矽卡岩型 似斑状二长花岗岩.日拉组（J3K1r）碎屑岩夹灰岩 ~111 Ma、~123 Ma 任强等, 2019 ⑤ 再阿铁铜多金属矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 中细粒花岗闪长岩.郎山组(K1l)灰岩 ~79.78 Ma 定立等, 2012 ⑥ 梭沙矽卡岩型铁矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 细粒斑状花岗闪长岩.多尼组(K1d)碎屑岩，郎山组(K1l)灰岩 ~77.37 Ma 定立等, 2012 ⑦ 雪如铜多金属矿 小型 矽卡岩型 中细粒二长花岗岩、中粗粒斑状二长花岗岩.郎山组(K1l)灰岩 ~79.72 Ma, ~79.25 Ma. 高顺宝等, 2011；王江朋等, 2012 ⑧ 查朗拉铁铜多金属矿 小型 矽卡岩型 中粗粒似斑状（二长）花岗岩.郎山组(K1l)灰岩 ~76.1 Ma 王江朋等, 2012 ⑨ 日阿铜多金属矿 中型 矽卡岩型 二长花岗岩.郎山组(K1l)灰岩 ~79 Ma 高顺宝等, 2011 ⑩ 更乃多金属矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 二长花岗岩.多尼组(K1d)碎屑岩，郎山组(K1l)灰岩 ~79 Ma 王江朋等, 2012 ⑪ 插曲果棚磁铁矿 矿点 矽卡岩型 二长花岗岩.多尼组(K1d)碎屑岩，郎山组(K1l)灰岩 K2 耿全如等, 2011 ⑫ 金巴那铁矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 二长花岗岩.郎山组(K1l)灰岩 K2 耿全如等, 2011 ⑬ 夺那磁铁矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 花岗闪长岩.贡塘组(J2-3l)砂板岩、灰岩等 K1 耿全如等, 2011 ⑭ 卡列银铅多金属矿点 矿点 热液型 中粒花岗岩闪长岩、细粒闪长岩拉贡塘组(J2-3l)粉砂岩、板岩及细砂岩 K1 耿全如等, 2011 ⑮ 切岗切任金矿化点 矿化点 热液型 中粒花岗闪长岩.拉贡塘组(J2-3l)粉砂岩、板岩及细砂岩 K1 耿全如等, 2011 ⑯ 青龙乡铅锌矿床 小型 矽卡岩型 花岗闪长岩.拉贡塘组砂板岩夹灰岩 ~123.1 Ma 黄瀚霄等, 2012 ⑰ 拉青铜矿 小型 斑岩-矽卡岩型 二长花岗（斑）岩、石英斑岩.查果罗玛组(D2-3c)灰岩 ~114.24 Ma 董磊等, 2013 ⑱ 弄清期波拉铜铅锌多金属矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 二长花岗岩.多尼组(K1d)碎屑岩、灰岩 K1 耿全如等, 2011 ⑲ 孔玛下尔玛金矿化点 矿化点 构造热液型 二长花岗岩.拉贡塘组(J2-3l)粉砂岩、板岩及细砂岩 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ⑳ 果业多康夏磁铁矿化点 矿化点 热液型 花岗闪长岩.拉贡塘组(J2-3l)粉砂岩、板岩及细砂岩 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ㉑ 果业多浪青铜矿点 矿点 构造热液型 花岗闪长岩.拉贡塘组(J2-3l)粉砂岩、板岩及细砂岩 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ㉒ 长给铅锌多金属矿点 矿点 岩浆热液型 永珠组(C1-2y)砂板岩、页岩 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ㉓ 补嘎错铅锌多金属矿 矿点 热液型 查果罗玛组灰岩，东西向断层控制 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ㉔ 尤卡朗铅锌矿床 大型 中低温热液型 拉贡塘组(J2-3l)粉砂岩、板岩及灰岩等 不祥 冯志兴等, 2011 ㉕ 余卡山铜矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 马里组(J2m)砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩、灰岩 不祥 黄瀚霄等, 2012 ㉖ 卓卡朗铜矿点 矿化点 热液型 诺错组(C1-2n)云母片岩、含砾板岩、千枚岩 不祥 冯志兴等, 2011 ㉗ 那曲镇银多金属矿 小型 热液型 多尼组(K1d)碎屑岩、灰岩 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ㉘ 达萨乡铅锌矿 小型 热液型 拉贡塘组(J2-3l)粉砂岩、板岩及灰岩等 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ㉙ 聂拉铁矿点 矿点 矽卡岩型 沙木罗组(J3K1s)、多尼组(K1d)碎屑岩、灰岩 不祥 耿全如等, 2011 ㉚ 佳群乡磁铁矿点 矿点 热液型 确哈拉群(T2-3Q)砾岩、变质砂板岩 不祥 曲永贵等, 2011 注：编号对应于图 2中的矿床（点）编号. 
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表 2 雄梅-班戈花岗岩带成矿地质条件及远景区初步划分
Table 2. Summary of ore-forming geology and prospective areas in XBGZ
花岗岩体 舍索、雄梅、苦嘎 桑心日 雪如 雄巴（梭沙、再阿） 班戈 班戈-青龙乡-桑雄 BNS带 时代(Ma) 123~106 76~72 80~76 89~77 140~125 120~110 120~110 岩体出露特征 小型岩体、局部为隐伏岩体 小型岩体, 剥蚀程度高 小型岩体, 剥蚀程度高 小型岩体, 剥蚀程度高 大型岩基, 强烈剥蚀 大型岩基, 强烈剥蚀 小岩体, 强烈剥蚀 花岗岩的围岩及构造背景 古生界主要为碳酸盐地层，晚侏罗-早白垩世为灰岩、碎屑岩地层.冈底斯带相对稳定的微地块 早白垩世灰岩、碎屑岩等.冈底斯岩浆弧中相对稳定的微地块 中晚侏罗世砂板岩，早白垩世灰岩、碎屑岩.北冈底斯弧前盆地 侏罗纪砂板岩，古生界灰岩块体等；镁铁、超镁铁岩等.岩石成分复杂的混杂带 花岗岩地化特征和成因 未分异偏铝质钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类；壳-幔混合来源 弱分异偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类；壳-幔混合来源 弱分异弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列二长花岗岩类；壳-幔混合来源 弱分异偏铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗闪长岩类；壳-幔混合来源 弱分异、过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类；壳-幔混合来源 分异的过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类；壳-幔混合来源，中上地壳为主 弱分异过铝质高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类；壳源和幔源 代表性矿床（点） 雄梅斑岩铜矿、舍索矽卡岩型铜钼矿 桑心日矽卡岩型金铜矿点 雪如、查朗拉矽卡岩型铁铜矿, 日阿、更乃多金属矿 再阿铁铜多金属矿点、梭沙矽卡岩型铁矿点 卡列银铅多金属矿点、切岗切任金矿化点 青龙乡铅锌矿点、果业多康夏磁铁矿化点等 拉青斑岩铜矿、佳群乡矽卡岩型磁铁矿点 成矿远景区 斑岩型和矽卡岩型铜金多金属矿远景区，值得进一步工作 热液型矽卡岩型铁、铅锌多金属矿远景区 斑岩、矽卡岩型铜铁铅锌矿远景区
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